Abstract—Two new species of Erythroxylum endemic to the Espinhaço Range, in eastern Brazil, are described. Erythroxylum itan occurs in seasonal forest on hilltops in the Itacambiruçu River valley, in the Grão Mogol region of northern Minas Gerais, and E. kanga occurs in campo rupestre and cerrado vegetation along the Espinhaço Range, in the states of Bahia and Minas Gerais. The new species are compared with morphologically similar species and illustrations and comments about distribution and habitat are provided. In addition, we present an updated list of Erythroxylum species from the Espinhaço Range.

Abstract—Adenocalymma is a genus of Neotropical lianas, shrubs, and treelets that belongs to tribe Bignonieae (Bignoniaceae). The genus is recognized by the cupular trichomes found on the prophylls, bracts, bracteoles, calyces, and fruits, and the presence of articulated petioles and petiolules. A recent molecular phylogeny of Adenocalymma recovered all three species of Neojobertia as well as Pleonotoma albiflora nested within the genus, indicating the need for an updated circumscription. Molecular phylogenetic results combined with morphological data also revealed the need for a revised circumscription for several species. Here, we present an updated circumscription and synopsis of Adenocalymma that recognizes 76 species within the genus. New combinations are proposed for N. alboaurantiaca, N. candolleana, and N. mirabile. Lectotypes are proposed for A. longeracemosum, A. nodosum, and A. validum, a neotype is proposed for A. paucifoliolatum, and an epitype is designated to support the lectoype of A. trifoliatum. In addition, twelve new synonyms are proposed as follows: 1) A. croatii is synonymized under A. biternatum; 2) A. aspericarpum is synonymized under A. cladotrichum; 3) A. fruticosum is synonymized under A. hyposticum; 4) A. apterospermum is synonymized under A. marginatum; 5) A. campicola is synonymized under A. nodosum; (6, 7, 8) A. axillare, A. bipinnatum, and A. paucifoliolatum are synonymized under A. peregrinum; 9) A. involucratum is synonymized under A. pubescens; 10) A. reticulatum is synonymized under A. scabriusculum; 11) A. pseudopatulum is synonymized under A. schomburgkii; and 12) A. prancei is synonymized under A. subincanum.

Abstract—Subtribe Chusqueinae was previously composed of the genera Neurolepis and Chusquea. Following molecular-based phylogenetic studies, all species of Neurolepis were transferred to Chusquea and placed in two new subgenera: Chusquea subg. Magnifoliae and Chusquea subg. Platonia. Complete keys for the identification of taxa within C. subg. Magnifoliae and C. subg. Platonia are lacking. The present paper provides five new reports and a taxonomic revision of Chusquea subg. Magnifoliae and C. subg. Platonia in Peru involving 13 taxa. Vegetative and reproductive morphological diagnostic characters were analyzed. Complete illustrations of C. aristata, C. fimbriligulata subsp. peruviana, and C. spectabilis are provided. Chusquea elata, C. fimbriligulata subsp. fimbriligulata, C. mollis, C. nana, and C. spectabilis constitute new reports for Peru. Keys for the identification of the species of Chusquea subg. Magnifoliae and C. subg. Platonia occurring in Peru were prepared based on vegetative and reproductive characters and are here presented for the first time.

Abstract—Taxonomic and ecological knowledge of plant species complexes informs their conservation status. Poorly delimited species boundaries can lead to incorrect assessments of biodiversity, and a rare species might have its distribution range overestimated if considering other closely related taxa as the same one. The present study investigates the level of morphometric variation within the Abarema cochliacarpos complex throughout its entire distribution range in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest and Caatinga vegetation, and considers the drivers of this variation. A morphometric study using cluster, PERMANOVA, and NMDS analyses was conducted. We analyzed patterns of trait variation among and within populations, and their relationship with environmental factors along with their geographical gradient. From the four morphotypes previously cited for the complex, the analyses delimited three morphological groups. Their morphological characteristics differed in response to environmental drivers. We identified morphological characters that differentiated the groups within the complex. The development of conservation strategies and actions to fully protect a species complex requires the understanding of the morphological variation within the complex. In the Abarema cochliacarpos complex different threats and challenges are associated with the conservation of each morphotype. We highlight the importance of conserving the various morphotypes of a species complex which has a large distribution range as evolutionary significant units, something that is frequently neglected in the published literature.

Abstract—A new species of Dalechampia from southeastern Brazil, belonging to Dalechampia sect. Dioscoreifoliae, is described and illustrated here. Dalechampia margarethiae is a twining vine occurring exclusively in Espírito Santo state. Its pseudanthia are similar to those of D. peckoltiana and D. pentaphylla, but D. margarethiae differs in a set of important characters, including having cylindrical, down-curved style tips, staminate flowers at anthesis having unreflexed sepals with stamens born on unelongated columns, whitish floral resin, and simple, entire, cordate leaves.

Abstract—Inga kursarii is a new species collected in the terra firme forests of the northwestern Amazon, one of the regions with the highest tree species diversity in the world. According to morphological and phylogenetic analyses, the new species is morphologically similar and sister to Inga gracilifolia Ducke, but it can be distinguished by having 5‐6 pairs of caducous leaflets, elliptical leaflets with acute apex and slightly asymmetrical base, spiked inflorescence, subsessile flowers, calyx tube with 4 lobes, tufts of hairs at the apex of calyx lobes, corolla tube with non-reflexed lobes, shorter staminal tubes, and capitate stigma. In addition, analyses of the chemical defensive profile (chemocoding) show that both taxa are chemically different, with I. kursarii having a chemistry based on gallocatechin/epigallocatechin gallates, and I. gracilifolia producing a series of dihydroflavonols. Finally, we present a table with a comparison of diagnostic characters that allows separation of the two species.

Abstract—With ca. 2500 species, Myrteae is the largest tribe of Myrtaceae and one of the most diverse groups of flowering plants in the tropical Americas. In light of recent systematics adjustments, the present study is a review and provides new insights into floral diversity and evolution in Myrteae. General aspects of floral ontogeny and morphology for the fifty currently accepted genera plus all accepted sections within the large genera Eugenia and Myrcia are summarized based on current morphological data. The discussion provides a broader understanding of the floral diversity across the tribe, highlighting developmental modes, ecological traits, and specializations in reproductive strategies. Hypotheses to be tested in future studies are also presented and discussed.

Abstract—Three new species of Justicia (Acanthaceae), Justicia birae, Justicia distichophylla, and Justicia mcdadeana, discovered during the preparation of a taxonomic treatment of Acanthaceae for the “Flora of the cangas of the Serra dos Carajás, Pará, Brazil” are described. Their distribution, habitat data, conservation status, taxonomic comments, and illustrations are provided.

Abstract—During a field expedition to the Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais state, Brazil, we found a new species of Fritzschia, a genus endemic to campos rupestres from the Espinhaço Range. Fritzschia cordifolia has cordate and succulent leaves with an apical gland, petals with glandular-ciliate margin, campanulate hypanthium, and antesepalous stamens with ventral appendages with deltoid lobes. The presence of seeds with a crested testa is reported here for the first time in Fritzschia. A description and illustration of the new species is provided, as well as its conservation status and its geographical distribution.