Centratherolide A is small and permeable, yet it can cause selective irreversible reactions to proteins, including topoisomerase-3β(TOP3B), the only dual RNA and DNA topoisomerase found in humans. Centratherolide A is mainly cytotoxic because of its α-methylene-γ-lactone ring, a potent Michael Acceptor present in their family of Furanoheliangolides and sesquiterpene lactones. Through the common atom analysis, oxidation level analysis, Michael Addition, and common carbon relationships, Centratherolide A was able to be broken down into 7 parts. Trisecting the main chain seems more plausible than bisecting. Further understanding of different R groups and variations propose a possibility of cytotoxicity against other diseases and cancers.

Although the pathophysiology of PCOS is still unknown, but the alterations in some endocrinological systems have been appear to link with it. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of some endocrinological parameters ( Follistatin , Vaspin and Ghrelin ) in PCOS patients in compared with healthy control as well as it correlate with BMI ( body mass index ) as a novel biomarkers for PCOS pathophysiology .This study was conducted on 85 PCOS patients ( age range 18 – 45 years) who were attended Al-Ramadi of obstetrician – gynecologist hospital and Fallujah in of obstetrician – gynecologist hospital the period 7 January to 4 May 2025 and 50 healthy control were recruited for this study.The obtained results was showed the increase of the of Follisatin and Vaspin levels in PCOS patients in compare with control group, with evident decrease observed in levels of ghrelin in PCOS patients as compared with control group. This study also found that Follisatin and Vaspin were positively correlated with BMI while Ghrelin were negative correlated with BMI in PCOS patients as compared to control group.It was concluded that there was a robust association between Follisatin, Vaspin and Ghrelin disorders with BMI index in women with PCOS.

The global surge in antimicrobial resistance (AMR), particularly among burn associated infections, necessitates novel therapeutic approaches. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), especially when biosynthesized using plant extracts, have shown promising antimicrobial potential. This study aimed to biosynthesize silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Syzygium aromaticum (clove), characterize their physicochemical properties, and evaluate their antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial strains. Clove extract was prepared via aqueous extraction and used for the green synthesis of AgNPs. GC-MS analysis identified eugenol (77.53%) as the major bioactive component. The biosynthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM, and XRD. Antibacterial efficacy was assessed against Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae using the disk diffusion method, MIC assay, and biofilm inhibition assay. The synthesized AgNPs showed a surface plasmon resonance peak at 435 nm and were predominantly spherical with diameters ranging from 38–79 nm. FTIR revealed the presence of functional groups responsible for nanoparticle reduction and stabilization. Compared to clove extract alone, AgNPs demonstrated significantly greater antibacterial activity (p < 0.05), larger zones of inhibition (17–20 mm vs. 8–11 mm), and lower MIC values (15–30 µg/mL). Biofilm inhibition was notably higher for AgNPs (68–76%) than for crude extract (25–32%). Green-synthesized AgNPs using clove extract exhibit potent antibacterial and antibiofilm properties against MDR pathogens, outperforming the crude extract. Their effectiveness is attributed to the synergistic action of phytochemicals (e.g., eugenol) and the nanoscale properties of silver. These findings support their potential as alternative antimicrobial agents for clinical use, particularly in treating resistant burn infections.

The current study was conducted in the period October 2023 to September 2024, the study aimed to measure the concentrations of some heavy metals in water and sediments and their bioaccumulation in the soft tissues of two species of molluscs Corbicula fluminea and Sinanodonta woodiana Water samples, sediments and molluscs were collected from four stations on the Gharraf River in southern Iraq and the order of the elements in the water was Pb>Zn>Ni>Cu>Cd>Cr>As and in the sediments Ni>Zn> Cu> Pb >Cr >Cd >As and in C.fluminea was Zn>Ni>Pb>Cu>Cr>Cd>As and in S.woodiana was Ni>Zn>Pb>Cu>Cr>Cd>As The highest concentrations of elements were recorded in the third and fourth stations and the concentrations were in the first and second stations The results showed seasonal variation in the concentrations of elements in the water, sediments and soft tissues of molluscs in the Gharraf River, which indicates high rates of pollution in its water.

fertility is one of the problems facing women and men. Estrogen (E2), leptin level disorders, and tumor necrosis factor –α (TNF-α) are among the risk factors that cause infertility. The aim of the research is to study the relationship between the three criteria and their relationship to infertility or low fertility in Iraqi women in compared with fertile women (control). The current study included (120) Participating, divided into two groups. The first group (60) infertile women) who visit outpatient infertility clinics, and (60) fertile women). The study samples were collected from September 2023 to December 2024 from outpatient infertility clinics in Iraq. All participants were between the ages of (22-38) years. The Results showed that leptin and tumor necrosis factor –α levels increased significantly in infertile women compared to fertile women in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, while estrogen levels decreased significantly. The conclusion: TNF-alpha, estrogen (E2), and leptin levels may be biomarkers for decreased fertility in women and may be helpful in identifying those who are at a high risk of low fertility

One of the four main factors in the pathophysiology of acne vulgaris (AV) is inflammation, which may be a primary or secondary process caused by Propionibacterium acnes. To counteract inflammatory mediators, the immune system possesses a variety of anti-inflammatory mechanisms. The data supporting the early involvement of the inflammatory pathway in the etiology of AV, a chronic, complex, inflammatory skin condition, has become more clear. This cell line's activators, Th17 cells, and the cytokines that follow are all probably important in initiating and maintaining the disease. The aim of this study is to determine the degree to which acne vulgaris is influenced by the interleukins IL-10, IL-17, and IL-22. Individualized patients in our study, sex-matched controls were included, and there were 42 male and 58 female AV patients, aged 12 to 30. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the serum levels of IL-10, IL-17, and IL-22. The levels were then connected with the severity of acne. In cases, the serum levels of IL-10, IL-17, and IL-22 were 0.34±0.080, 0.13, 0.14±0.0035, 0.136-0.233, and 0.24±0.0142, 0.126-0.243 pg/ml, respectively, while in controls, they were 0.13±0.028, 0.10±0.0085, 0.14±0.0035, 0.117-0.126, and 0.22±0.0089, 0.114-0.127 pg/ml. For IL-10 and IL-17, there was a substantial difference in levels between patients and controls; however, for IL-22, the difference was negligible. The levels of IL-10 and IL-17 showed an extremely strong positive connection. This study came to the conclusion that IL-10 and IL-17 are important effectors in the pathophysiology of AV. In acne lesions, Th17 cells activated by IL-22 are probably the main source of IL-37.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) considers as a progressive condition correlated with systemic inflammation, which pays to complications such as cardiovascular disease and renal dysfunction. However, Interleukin-17A (IL-17A), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, plays a serious role in immune regulation and inflammation. This research examines the association of serum IL-17A and biomarkers (creatinine, Beta 2 Macroglobulin) levels in patients with CKD. A case-control study was conducted involving 60 CKD patients and 30 healthy controls at Imam Al-Hussein Medical-City hospital in Kerbala, Iraq, from August to October 2024. Blood and urine samples were collected from all participants, and IL-17A were tested utilizing an ELISA kit. The results stated significantly higher serum IL-17A levels in patients with CKD (24.56 ± 9.60 pg/mL) compared to controls (5.65 ± 1.84 pg/mL), p = 0.0007. Moreover, levels of creatinine in CKD patients (0.96 ± 0.51 mg/dL) were significantly elevated compared to controls (0.27 ± 0.10 mg/dL), p = 0.0002. These findings stated that elevated IL-17A levels are associated with CKD and may pay to chronic inflammation, exacerbating renal damage. Furthermore, serum creatinine and Beta 2 Macroglobulin remnants a reliable biomarker for assessing kidney function. Increased IL-17A levels in CKD patients could serve as potential biomarkers for disease progression and targets for therapeutic interventions aimed at mitigating inflammation and improving patient outcomes.

Due to the importance of therapeutic plants in the production and preparation of drugs, The purpose of this study is to extract three medicinal plants, including seeds of Syzygium aromaticum “S. aromaticum”, leaves of Thymus vulgaris (T. vulgaris) and Myrtus communis (M. communis) using the steam distillation method. It evaluated their ability to inhibit pathogenic and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), and Escherichia coli (E.coli) isolated from skin ulcers. Moreover, these extracts were cured to evaluate their phytochemicals and chemical constitutions using classical methods and Gc-mass spectroscopy. The phytochemicals results showed that the Flavonoids and terpenoids were observed in all samples, while the Alkaloids didn't appear. The extracts of S. aromaticum, T. vulgaris, and M. communis showed interesting compounds during the GC-mass spectroscopy test. It showed the presence of chemical compounds with active groups that could have a significant role in bacterial treatment, such as 9-octadecenamide, Caryophyllene, and Limonene. Moreover, The results of the bacterial test showed a high effectiveness of these oils on the types of bacteria used, especially S. aureus, and E. coli, where the highest results were for Myrtus on E. coli bacteria with an inhibition diam of 56 mm, while clove oil did not show any effectiveness against S. aureus, the inhibition zone diameter is zero. In general, the effectiveness of these essential oils against Gram N. P.aeruginosa was very weak compared to the effectiveness of these essential oils on other bacterial species used in the study, where the highest diameter of inhibition of these bacteria was by clove oil and reached 15 mm.

This paper provides a comprehensive narrative review at the intersection of neuroeducation and cognitive behavioral interventions (CBI), exploring how insights from cognitive neuroscience can enhance educational practices. It traces the historical progression of neuroeducation, proposes theoretical frameworks linking reading disabilities with comorbid conditions, and details the methodology underpinning the review. Key themes include the role of neuroplasticity in learning, memory, and cognitive development, and the application of CBIs in managing anxiety and other psychological factors in students. The review emphasizes the need for integrating neuroscientific theories into education, the potential of gamified programs and specialized platforms, and the importance of teachers' emotional involvement in student learning. Furthermore, it highlights significant gaps in current research and offers practical recommendations for incorporating neuroeducational principles into teacher training and educational policies. The findings underscore the impact of narrative reviews in advancing neuroeducation, pinpoint key interdisciplinary collaborations, and advocate for ongoing research to support innovation and transformation in education.

Objective: The primary aim of this research was to evaluate the differential effects of regular and fasting dietary patterns on blood glucose levels and blood pressure among diabetic patients and non-diabetic control group. A comprehensive analysis was conducted to compare physiological responses on fasting versus non-fasting days during the holy Ramadan month. Methods: This observational study involved 92 participants, with a subset of 38 diabetic patients and 54 non-diabetic control group, aged 19-76 years, who were observed on regular and fasting days. Participants were monitored for pre-prandial, postprandial, evening blood sugar, and fasting blood glucose levels, as well as blood pressure. Statistical analysis was performed using paired sample t-tests to compare mean ± SD between regular and fasting days of both groups. The study cohort consisted of male and female adults diagnosed with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Exclusion criteria included individuals under 18 years, pregnant women, and patients unable to fast during the study period. Results: Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in fasting blood glucose levels during Ramadan compared to non-fasting days. In the diabetic group, significant changes were observed in fasting blood glucose levels during Ramadan compared to after Ramadan ( postprandial blood sugar p=0.04, evening blood sugar p=0.019). In contrast, the non-diabetic group also showed significant changes in blood glucose levels during Ramadan compared to after Ramadan (postprandial blood sugar p=0.001, evening blood sugar p=0.020). Blood pressure showed no significant differences between these periods, suggesting that fasting does not alter blood pressure significantly in diabetic individuals. Additionally, a two-way ANOVA demonstrated significant dietary influences on post-Iftar glucose levels in non-diabetics (p<0.001), but not in diabetics, suggesting differential metabolic responses to dietary intake during Ramadan. These findings emphasize the critical need for personalized dietary management and continuous monitoring to optimize diabetic care during fasting. Conclusion: Fasting significantly influences blood glucose levels in diabeticand non-diabetic individuals but does not affect blood pressure. This study underscores the necessity for personalized medical guidance and balanced meal planning to minimize complications and enhance diabetes management during fasting. Further research is warranted to explore the long-term effects of different fasting practices on diabetic health outcomes.