The carotid sinus of the carotid artery (CA) bifurcation is one of the favored sites for the genesis and development of atherosclerotic lesions. The direct reason is carotid arteries bifurcation and stenoses may lead to great flow pattern change. Aim of this article is to investigate the effect of different eccentric stenosis of internal carotid artery on blood flow. The blood flow in artery is simulated numerically and the simulation is based on convicted reasonable of vascular profile and flow environment in vivo . The simulation or the computer flow dynamic calculation reveals the eccentric stenosis can make great effort to the flow pattern. And more serious stenosis proliferation can be generated. Doppler ultrasound (DUS) are widely used in blood flow detection for the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases (CAD). It is the gold standard of the diagnosis of vessel related diseases and the color sonography display is familiar for clinicians and internist, we simulated the color sonography of stenosis carotid arteries bifurcation mocked the DUS display method. The results are proved to be visual, detailed and accurate that it can more directly use in clinic. All simulation above can alleviate the effects of measurement errors and can be used as the complement of ordinary ultrasound measures.

We used the interaction between an epitope of the Tobacco mosaic virus 54K replicase (tag54) and its corresponding monoclonal antibody 54 (mAb54) for the design of a new epitope-tagging system. We fused the DNA sequence of tag54 and two elongated derivates thereof to the C-terminus of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene and produced the tagged proteins in tobacco. Immunoblot and ELISA analysis demonstrated that the tagged proteins were detected with high sensitivity in plant extracts. Moreover, the tag54 system enabled the full recovery of the recombinant CAT with excellent purity through immunoaffinity chromatography. We consider this novel epitope-tag system to be a valuable tool for both the detection and purification of recombinant proteins.

The green fluorescent protein and the non-toxic subunit of cholera toxin were expressed in tobacco chloroplasts. Both recombinant proteins accumulated to levels greater than 20% of the total soluble protein. We did not observe light-dependent induction of gene expression despite employing the promoter and 5´-UTR from the psbA gene. Both proteins were stable in young and old leaves. The estimated half-life, determined by pulse-chase labeling, was greater than 48 h. Freeze-drying of pulverized leaves supplied an easy method of post-harvest handling with no significant loss of the recombinant protein after 7 months of storage at room temperature. These data suggest that both proteins are good candidates for the expression of fusion proteins (e.g. with antigens) in tobacco chloroplasts.

Xanthine oxidase is a highly versatile and ubiquitous complex molybdoflavoprotein, which controls the rate limiting step of purine catabolism pathway. Microbial xanthine oxidase can be used to address a number of questions presently not feasible with the eukaryotic enzymes. In the present study, a high-throughput microtitre plate-based colorimetric assay for xanthine oxidase producing microorganism was developed. Superoxides produced by microbial cultures, grown on xanthine rich medium interacts with nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) solution and produces dark blue color, which facilitates the rapid screening of xanthine oxidase producing microorganisms and could be adapted for quick quantitative assessment and distribution of xanthine oxidase in many heterogeneous microbial communities. The method developed may be utilized for the rapid screening of a variety of xanthine oxidase producing microorganisms from the nature.

Various options in biotechnology have been exercised to produce industrially important metabolites from filamentous organisms. To select a suitable production strategy, the direct and indirect roles of morphological parameters in controlling bioprocess variables are observed. Some progress has been made in quantitation of morphology.Useful correlations have been reported in the literature in this avenue. Of course, some of the models, with proper modification, can be used to explain the morphological phenomena. This review is concerned with the application of morphological variables to correlate with bioprocess parameters for explaining optimal production strategy.

A quartz crystal microbalance was used for real-time monitoring of fibrinogen cross-linking on three model biomaterial surfaces. Fibrinogen adsorbs slowly and forms a less rigid multi-layer on hydrophobic surfaces, while it adsorbs quickly, forming a single mono-layer on hydrophilic surfaces. The extent of fibrinogen cross-linking is greater on hydrophobic surfaces. Fibrinogen cross-linking can also rigidify the relatively soft coatings of poly(methyl methacrylate) and dodecanethiol self-assembled monolayer.