Introduction The ineffective management of MSW, where open dumping and uncontrolled burning characterize the Lagos Megacity, poses severe environmental and public health challenges while contributing to GHG emissions by a wide margin. Methodology The project identified the carbon credit value of the solid waste industry of Lagos through the estimation of the greenhouse gas emissions for each of the seven scenarios of solid waste management. The IPCC 2006 recommendations, with 2019 modifications for open dumping, managed landfilling, composting, anaerobic digestion, incineration, open burning, and recycling of solid waste, were used to estimate the emissions. Results The outcome suggests the potential for the acquisition of about 631 million CERs as a result of the transition to sustainable approaches in waste management, which, at the price of 2024, is valued at USD 1.9 billion. In contrast, the baseline situation is projected to result in significant emissions, as open dumping and open burning result in emissions of 98,463 Gg CO 2 equivalent and 59,741 Gg CO 2 equivalent, respectively. Conversely, composting and recycling were responsible for lower emissions, while landfills with gas recovery indicated the largest potential CERs. Discussion Conclusively, the results emphasize the economic as well as environmental advantages of moving away from the harmful trend towards sustainable alternatives, making it clear that carbon trading can offer a real economic incentive for bettering practices pertaining to waste management, as well as aiding in climate change mitigation in a rapidly urbanizing environment. Conclusion This particular research further identifies the economic potential of carbon trading with regard to waste management and climate preservation.

Introduction This paper examines the effect of various reducing agents on the efficiency of the combined reduction of iron and phosphorus from ferromanganese ores. High-phosphorus ferromanganese ores are characterized by a complex mineral composition and high phosphorus content, which complicates their industrial use. One of the promising areas of processing such ores is solid-phase reduction, aimed at combining the reduction of iron and phosphorus into a metallic phase while preserving manganese oxides in the oxide phase. Methods Experimental studies were carried out using ferromanganese ore samples with a high phosphorus content. Solid carbon, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen gas served as reducing agents. Reduction was carried out at temperatures of 900 °C in a laboratory furnace. The phase and chemical composition of the reduction products were determined by X-ray phase analysis and electron microscopy. Results Studies of ferromanganese ore samples reduced simultaneously and under identical conditions using either solid carbon or gaseous carbon monoxide show that, at the same temperature, the reducing agent determines whether Fe and P, or Fe, P, and Mn pass into the metallic phase in a CO atmosphere upon contact with solid carbon. According to experimental results using hydrogen as the reducing agent at 900 °C with a holding time of 30 minutes, only Fe and P pass into the metallic phase. Higher manganese oxides are reduced to MnO but remain entirely in the oxide phase. The amount of phosphorus reduced by hydrogen and incorporated into the metal is significant. In contrast, samples reduced in a CO atmosphere or with solid carbon exhibit different behavior. These results indicate a relatively higher selectivity of hydrogen for reducing Fe and P over Mn. X-ray phase analysis reveals the presence of the following phases in the samples: α-Fe (iron), MnO (manganese monoxide), SiO2 (quartzite), and Mn2SiO4 (tephroite). Discussion It was found that the phosphorus content in the metallic phase during hydrogen reduction is higher than during reduction with carbon or CO. This indicates a higher reducing ability of hydrogen with respect to phosphorus and iron. X-ray phase analysis confirmed the presence of reduced iron (α-Fe), as well as the oxide phase MnO and silicates — quartz (SiO2) and tephroite (Mn2SiO4), which is consistent with the thermodynamic prerequisites for the stability of these phases at given temperatures. Thus, the obtained data allow us to conclude that the reducing agent has a key effect on the phase composition of the reduction products and the degree of extraction of the target components. Conclusion The results demonstrate that the choice of reducing agent is crucial for the effective solid-phase reduction of high-phosphorus ferromanganese ores. Gaseous hydrogen exhibits the best performance in the combined reduction of iron and phosphorus from ferromanganese ores, making it a promising candidate for further research and industrial implementation.

Aim The aim of this work is to show that the preliminary sizing of process equipment, which is done relying on ranges of typical values of several key parameters, can be conveniently approached as a bi-objective “basic risky decision under uncertainty” problem from Decision Analysis. Background In the early stages of chemical process design, equipment sizing is done without knowing the exact value of several key process parameters. This is the case of heat exchangers, as convective heat transfer coefficients are highly sensitive to temperature, pressure, and flow conditions, which will be known with certainty only after the equipment enters operation. Objective This work shows how heat exchanger sizing with uncertain information can be modelled as a decision-making problem under uncertainty, from a decision-analytic point of view. Method The decision model consists of a factual model that produces the probability distribution of the consequences (quality of outlet temperature control and equipment cost) for the alternatives, and a value model, which provides a quantitative metric for the consequences' desirability. Result The results are presented as a chart showing the recommended design given the decision-maker´s relative strength of preference between equipment performance and cost. Conclusion Chemical process equipment design depends on physical parameters, some of which are not precisely known at the initial project stages. In said situations, equipment sizing can be stated as a decision-making problem under uncertainty and approached using Decision Analysis, as shown in this paper for the design of heat exchangers.

Background With the global shift towards cleaner energy, natural gas demand is rising due to its lower environmental impact compared to oil. The gas reserves of Indonesia, notably in fields, such as Masela, Jambaran Tiung Biru (JTB), and Natuna, often have high CO2 content. Effective CO2 separation is vital to meet commercial gas standards while minimizing energy consumption. Methods This study evaluates the energy efficiency of two established CO2 separation technologies: absorption using MEA solution and adsorption with a carbon molecular sieve. Both methods were simulated in Aspen software to assess energy requirements across different gas fields. Results Adsorption showed superior energy efficiency in all fields. For Masela (93% recovery), adsorption required 3.63E+03 GJ, significantly lower than absorption’s 2.46E+04 GJ. In JTB (95% recovery), adsorption consumed 1.43E+03 GJ, outperforming absorption’s 2.75E+04 GJ. For Natuna (93% recovery), adsorption used 1.37E+04 GJ versus absorption’s 3.49E+05 GJ. CO2 concentration emerged as a key factor in separation efficiency; adsorption was most effective at moderate CO2 levels, such as JTB’s 35%. However, low CO2 levels (10%) in Masela reduced adsorption efficiency due to incomplete saturation, while high levels (71%) in Natuna led to rapid adsorbent saturation. Conclusion Adsorption demonstrated greater energy efficiency across varying CO2 concentrations, though it performed best at medium levels. Absorption efficiency declined at higher CO2 concentrations, limiting its suitability for gas fields with high CO2 content. These findings highlight the potential of adsorption for more energy-efficient CO2 separation in the gas fields of Indonesia.

Introduction The aim of the study was to regulate the fat content based on the optimization of technological processing modes. A promising method of preparing grain for animal feeding is its preliminary germination. Sprouted grain is a dietary food product, as it increases the content of proteins, essential amino acids, and macro- and microelements in comparison with non-sprouted grain. Methods The purpose of this study was to regulate the fat content based on the optimization of technological processing modes. Regression equations describing the dependences of the quality indicators of the triticale grain germination modes on the factors tw, τ, w and tg affecting them were investigated and obtained. During the study of triticale grains, it was found that the most significant parameter affecting the germination process is the fat content. The optimization of the germination modes of triticale Leather grain was carried out by the method of nonlinear programming. Results During the study, it was found that the maximum fat content during germination of triticale grain was observed with the following technological parameters of germination: grain temperature = 30°C; germination time = 24 h; grain moisture = 13%; and grain temperature = 26°C. When controlling the fat content in triticale based on the optimization of technological modes, the target function was 2.83%. Conclusion The presented results and conclusion will allow to regulate the fat content in triticale grain during germination.

Introduction: Guar gum is a non-ionic polysaccharide extracted from the endosperm of Cyamopsistetragonalobus. Guar gum and its derivatives are water-soluble hydrophilic polysaccharides, and hydrophobic modification is required to increase its compatibility in a polymer matrix. Objectives: The present study investigates the synthesis of allyl-modified guar gum (AGG) and epoxy resin composites. The mechanical properties of the prepared composites with varying concentrations of filler (allyl guar gum) in the range of 0.5-4.5 wt% have been evaluated. The mechanical and structural properties of the prepared composites have been investigated using Universal Testing Machine (UTM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), respectively. Methods: The epoxy composites were prepared by casting technique using allyl guar gum as the filler. The polymer-filler interactions varied with the contents of the filler. Results: The tensile strength was found to be enhanced up to 13% at 0.5% concentration of AGG. The % elongation at break values followed an opposite trend as compared to the tensile strength data of the composites. The observed mechanical properties have been correlated with the fracture morphology of the composites. Conclusion: A better dispersion, that is, polymer-filler interactions, improved the tensile strength of composites, while poor interactions declined the tensile strength. It is reported that max tensile strength can be obtained at 0.5% concentration of allyl guar gum (AGG1). The maximum increase in % elongation at break was 25% for AGG2-based epoxy composite at 3% of filler concentration.

Background: A binary mixture of sesame and castor oil was used for reducing the corrosion rate of mild steel in crude oil environments. This study investigated the corrosion behavior of a binary mixture of sesame and castor oil as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in crude oil. Different parameters such as immersion time, the concentration of inhibitor and pH were investigated for corrosion of mild steel. Methods: Experimental analysis indicates that a passive layer of the inhibitor formed over the surface of mild steel thereby reducing the corrosion rate. This was demonstrated by varying different process parameters such as the concentration of binary inhibitor, pH and time using two different statistical models; the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and the Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Results: From the results, it was observed that ANN was a better predictive tool to determine the corrosion rate of mild steel than the RSM. Conclusion: Overall, both the models prove that relative to the process parameters used, the importance level of the parameters was Time < Concentration of binary inhibitor < pH.

Object:Excessive amount of oxygen content in unprocessed bio-oil deteriorates the quality of bio-oil which cannot be used in transportation vehicles without upgrading. Acetic acid (CH3COOH) is a vital component of ‘acids’ catalogue of unprocessed bio-oil produced from thermochemical conversions of most of biomass feedstocks such as switchgrass, alfalfa, etc. In this study, the decomposition reactions of acetic acid are carried out by two reaction pathways,i.e., decarboxylation and dehydration reactions. In addition, the reaction rates of decomposition are analysed in a wide range of temperatures,i.e., 298-900 K and at atmospheric pressure.Method:All quantum chemical calculations are performed in the gas phase using two DFT functionals, B3LYP and M06-2X, with 6-31g(d) basis set. The dehydration reaction of acetic acid proceeds directly from ground state structure of acetic acid, whereas, decarboxylation reaction forms an unstable intermediate of acetic acid to initiate the proton migration. Barrier height and kinetics study for both reactions and theories are different and illustrated in the reaction pathway and rate profiles, respectively. Furthermore, both levels of theories offer similar structural configurations but they differ slightly in energetics.Conclusion:The reaction kinetics of both reactions is linearly fitted and the Arrhenius equations corresponding to each decomposition mechanism are generated by fitting the data from line equation.