Abstract Delay discounting entails a choice between one outcome soon and a more valued outcome later. Analyses emphasizing delay mask the role of the outcomes’ magnitudes in shaping the discounting function. Discounting was examined for justice-involved youth (JIY) and college students. Individuals performed a delay-discounting task using a range of smaller-sooner (SS) magnitudes and larger-later (LL) delays. First, a discounting function was formed by mimicking an adjusting amount procedure. A hyperboloid equation modelled the data well, based on information-theoretic model-selection, but many datasets from the JIY had to be eliminated. Second, dichotomous choices (“wait,” “don’t wait”) were modelled using mixed-effects logistic regression that incorporated both SS magnitude and LL delay. All data sets could be included in the second approach, which was based on the concatenated matching law. Datasets that were eliminated from the hyperboloid analysis showed sensitivity to reinforcer magnitudes undetected by the hyperboloid model. JIY discounted at a higher rate than college students in both analyses, partly because of poor sensitivity to the outcomes’ relative magnitudes. The two groups were tested with different modalities, limiting the conclusions drawn about them. Nonetheless, for both groups and testing modalities, incorporating magnitude and delay in mixed-model analyses enhanced the generality of delay-discounting analyses.

Abstract A foreign language can be learned by acquiring relations among verbal elements in the native and the foreign language and demonstrating emergence. We explored the emergence of intraverbals with stimuli and responses in a foreign language after acquiring relations between two elements (e.g., cow and calf) in the native language. Six adults in the Native-Foreign (N-F) Group learned intraverbals with stimuli in the native language and responses in the foreign language (e.g., saying the foreign name of cow). Six adults in the Foreign-Native (F-N) Group learned intraverbals with stimuli in the foreign language and responses in the native language. All participants demonstrated emergence of 10 types of intraverbals. Those in the N-F Group demonstrated more emergence than those in the F-N Group. These findings indicate that the used procedures result in emergence of foreign-foreign and other intraverbals and suggest important learning effects with potential applications for designing procedures for teaching foreign languages.

From the standpoint of sociopsychology, we attempt to isolate those aspects of human rights that are distinctly sociopsychological in nature, to later identify them as interindividual segments of social system dynamics. In social perspective, human rights may be viewed as social events and, in a sociopsychological perspective, all social events are conceptualized as social formations of interacting contingencies. Such social formations are constituted of interindividual relations set in a complex of institutional practices. The interindividual relation is conceptualized as a set of contingencies directly affecting individual behavior and has three dimensions: exchange, power, and sanction. Institutions are conceptualized as sociohistorical circumstances having their origins as informal or formal practices. Human rights are addressed in terms of interindividual dimensions and institutional practices constituting specific social formations.

The differential arbitrarily applicable relational responding effects (DAARRE) model explains two effects commonly observed with the implicit relational assessment procedure (IRAP): the single trial-type dominance effect (STTDE) and the dissonant-target trial-type effect (DTTTE). We sought to explore variables that modulate these effects. Forty-two participants who completed an IRAP met the practice criteria (median latency ≤ 2,000 ms and accuracy ≥ 80% correct) and thus proceeded to six test blocks of trials. The IRAP had four trial-types: trial-type 1: happy-face—happy-word; trial-type 2: happy-face—fear-word; trial-type 3: fear-face—happy-word; trial-type 4: fear-face—fear-word. Participants were randomly assigned to start with a consistent (respond True, False, False, True, respectively, to the four trial-types) or inconsistent (opposite responding) block. Difference (DIRAP) scores were calculated (inconsistent minus consistent latencies). A significantly larger DIRAP score was observed in trial-type 2 relative to trial-type 3 (a DTTTE), but only for participants who started with the inconsistent block. A “happiness superiority” STTDE (i.e., larger DIRAP score on trial-type 1 relative to trial-type 4) was observed, but only for participants who failed to maintain the criteria at the trial-type level (in any of the trial-types). Overall, the findings highlight the importance of distinguishing between the functional versus relational properties of the stimuli presented within an IRAP. The modulation of the DTTTE is interpreted in terms of functional coherence between the target and response option in inconsistent blocks. A novel data-analytic algorithm is presented to identify performance criteria violations at the trial-type level. The findings suggest that a greater focus is required in relational frame theory on the impact of the functional properties of stimuli on relational framing.

Intimacy is an interpersonal repertoire related to physical and behavioral health indicators. Functional analytic psychotherapy (FAP) is a behavioral intervention that has demonstrated utility in improving intimacy repertoires, particularly in experimental single-case designs. The FAP Intimacy Scale (FAPIS) was developed with the aim of using a theoretically sound measure to evaluate FAP effects on a large scale. This study sought to culturally adapt and validate the FAPIS for Spanish-speaking populations. A total sample of 509 Spanish-speaking participants completed the survey. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to examine FAPIS psychometric properties. A network analysis was also performed to assess the relation among scale factors. As expected, the FAPIS Spanish version demonstrated a good fit, meeting the same three-factor structure as the original version. Network loading along three factors was also found, and item 3 was identified as the most central item in the scale. Low and negative correlations among FAPIS, experiential avoidance, emotional sensitivity, and social impact were found. Findings showed that FAPIS is a valid and reliable measure for assessing intimacy in Spanish-speaking populations.