The article aims to describe the regional security challenges and major threats for India in South Asia. Since 1947, India has been suffering from external security threats such as a form of proxy warfare and terrorism from neighbouring countries. To this purpose, the article also examines recurring issues where India has major border issues with China in the Himalayan terrain to the Eastern region. India has been facing bigger security threats from China and Pakistan in the South Asia region. This article looks at defence cooperation between India and France through the prism of India’s serious security threats in the South Asian region. India’s soft power policy is reflected in a neo-realist approach and expanded by its long-standing defence cooperation with France. Therefore, India has been receiving support from the French government whenever the country needs defence equipment and other assistance. The article uses case studies and discourse analysis methods to answer the questions and draw the main findings and conclusions of the study. Finally, as a result of the study, India’s serious security threats in the South Asian region are pushing the country to purchase defence equipment from France. The relationship between India and France is strengthening bilateral cooperation at a broader level and shaping a strong strategic partnership by uniting in South Asia and the Indo-Pacific as well.

This article aims to illustrate the different ways of organizing commercialization processes at universities to inspire existing technology transfer offices (TTO) and increase their effectiveness. Its implementation was based on a qualitative study conducted among 4 Polish and 2 foreign (Belgian and Spanish) universities. The study results show that the standardized commercialization system doesn’t exist at Polish universities. Research results present that there are many commercialization models, but it is a rather formal procedure than a system or process. Moreover, polish universities perceive TTO as a part of the administration, even if TTO’s employees have ambitions to build merit potential. Finally, the challenge is combining the research process with commercialization to increase efficiency. Our research presents interesting new approaches concerning commercialization: the flipped knowledge transfer (FKT) and the community engagement research initiative (CERI). It is essential to understand that commercialization starts with a research project not with a research result or patent. Both approaches mention before focusing on social engagement in research first and may have an essential impact on TTO’s effectiveness and the university’s social impact. An interesting option is to implement CERI first and evolve it to FKT to perform university research "from the outside to the inside" approach, i.e. undertaking research work in response to stimuli coming from the social and economic environment.

Innowacje są istotnym czynnikiem rozwoju społecznego, realizowanym nie tylko przez sektor przedsiębiorstw, ale także sektor prywatny, publiczny czy organizacji pozarządowych. Organizacje i instytucje funkcjonujące w gospodarce, w tym uczelnie wyższe, których działalność sytuuje się pomiędzy poszczególnymi obszarami, tworzą własne, typowe i oryginalne innowacje, by m.in. zwiększać efektywność pracy i transparentność oraz podnosić poziom podmiotowości czy sprawczości pracowników. Stają się one częścią statutowej działalności uczelni (rozumianą jako trzecia misja), lokowaną w sferze dwóch głównych zadań, tj. kształcenie oraz prowadzenie badań naukowych. W artykule przytoczone i omówione zostały definicje innowacji społecznych, jak również zaproponowano nową, dedykowaną uczelniom wyższym, korzystną z punktu widzenia procesów akredytacyjnych oraz parametryzacyjnych. W tekście ponadto przeanalizowano dobre praktyki w zakresie współpracy z otoczeniem społeczno-gospodarczym, które mogą być zdefiniowane jako innowacje społeczne.

Remuneration for the employee-inventor is the key element to stimulate the development both in business and academic units for the beneficiary of the whole society. The first element that should be taken into consideration in the given analysis is to whom right to obtain patent belong and later - in case the right to patent belong to employer - whether and how employee-inventor should be remunerated. Both of those problems are differently set in different jurisdictions. Polish law adhere to the systems which by statute prescribes right to obtain patent in case of employee inventions to employer and also by statue guarantee remuneration for employee-inventor both in business and academic environment. The conclusion of the article is that despite of the fact that the statutory provisions are reasonably and fairly constructed there in certain elements they are vague and left much space for the internal regulation of economic entities and higher educational institutions, which at the end of the day might change the overall assessment and work better for those entities than for the employees.

Purpose: An overview of how trademarks are used to brand universities and an analysis of global trends in this area. Methodology: The methodology of the article is based on the basic method used in legal sciences, which is the legal-dogmatic method. In addition, an analysis of the literature on the subject was carried out. Furthermore, within the framework of the article, data on registered trademarks in the databases of intellectual property offices were used. Findings: The use of trademarks as part of a university's branding and identity is becoming a global trend. An increasing number of universities are choosing to protect their trademarks also within regional and international systems. The use of trademarks is part of the third-generation university model as one focused on communication and cooperation with the socio-economic environment. Originality/value: The article refers to the realisation by trademarks their functions in the activities of entities that are not directly aimed at generating profit. It attempts to show the relationship between the change in the operating model of universities and the use of distinctive signs in communication with the socio-economic environment. Keywords: trademark, branding, third generation university

Higher education institutions (HEIs) operate in a specific legal, economic, and social context. Therefore, both areas of their activity, i.e., education and research, must consider the current needs of the socioeconomic environment. In this way, higher education institutions can fulfil their mission: providing top-quality education and scientific activity, shaping civic attitudes, participating in social development, and creating an innovation-based economy. Cooperation between universities and the socioeconomic environment is not a new phenomenon. The formation of the concept of the university confirms that certain political, economic, and social conditions influenced what universities were like. It has not changed, and issues concerning cooperation with external stakeholders are increasingly included in normative acts constituting the higher education system. The article will present basic legal solutions within the sources of generally applicable law concerning the cooperation of higher education institutions with the external partners in Poland and selected countries. At the same time, an attempt will be made to answer the significance of the presented legal solutions for shaping the relations of higher education institutions, especially universities, with external stakeholders. The article is based on a literature review. It focuses on cooperation models as well as opportunities and barriers to developing relations between universities and external partners. The methodology used in the study includes searching relevant databases, applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, extracting and synthesizing data, and analyzing and interpreting the synthesized information. The review includes foreign and Polish literature to ensure a fuller understanding of the national context. The proposed approach has not yet been the subject of detailed analysis in the literature, especially in higher education law.

Considering the deepening geopolitical and climate crisis, more attention is systematically being paid to the development of alternative energy technologies. It is important to note that economically important energy sovereignty can be achieved through methods that simultaneously meet climate neutrality objectives. Therefore, the current period is a historic opportunity to enable the development of green, renewable energy, as this has comprehensive justification. In the ongoing circumstances, one of the fastest growing branches of science and economy is hydrogen technology. Numerous hydrogen projects of varying territorial scope are being developed in Europe. They are characterised by different organisational approaches. Therefore, the authors have undertaken to review and evaluate different hydrogen valley concepts using the SWOT method. The conducted work reviews leading Euopean hydrogen projects and identifies the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of different types of hydrogen valley organisational concepts. The results of the work carried out will support the construction and development of new hydrogen valleys, which, in line with the objectives of the European Union, will be systematically created in the coming years.

Purpose: The purpose of this scientific article is to conduct a comparative analysis of the evaluation of university cooperation with the socio-economic environment, using the examples of the Republic of Poland and the Federal Republic of Germany, and to identify the differences between the analysed systems as a determining factor for the superiority of the German higher education system over the Polish system. Methodology: Three research methods were employed to achieve the chosen research objective: the formal-dogmatic method (dogmatic-legal), the comparative law method (legal comparativism), and the empirical method (empirical research) as an auxiliary method. The formal-dogmatic method was used to analyse the logical and linguistic regulations governing the institutional framework of agencies responsible for the quality of education in Poland and Germany. The comparative law method will be implemented through classical comparative legal research aimed at analysing the similarities and differences in legal regulations regarding the evaluation of university cooperation with the socio-economic environment in the Republic of Poland and the Federal Republic of Germany. The empirical method was used as an auxiliary method to analyse the thesis presented by the author, which is the superiority of German universities over Polish universities. Findings: The article points out fundamental differences in the legal status of agencies responsible for the quality of education and the systems of quality evaluation in the area of university cooperation with the socio-economic environment in the Republic of Poland and the Federal Republic of Germany. Furthermore, the author identifies this state of affairs as one of the factors determining the superiority of the German higher education system over the Polish system. Originality/value: The chosen research objective represents an unexplored field so far. There is a lack of studies in the domestic and European markets that aim to systematically compare the evaluation of university cooperation with the socio-economic environment in the Republic of Poland and the Federal Republic of Germany. The conducted analysis and the resulting conclusions effectively fill this gap.

Celem niniejszego opracowania było uchwycenie fenomenu utworu z perspektywy ekonomicznej analizy prawa, oraz podkreślenia konsekwencji braku z jednej strony ochrony twórców oraz wprowadzenia takiej ochrony, z drugiej wskazania metod umożliwiających znalezienie optymalnego/sprawiedliwego poziomu ochrony. W opracowaniu Analiza prowadzona - dla uproszczenia – ograniczono rozważania do utworów, objętych ochroną na gruncie prawa autorskiego.

Purpose: Verification of the models of cooperation between entities in the higher education sector and representatives of the socio-economic environment. Methodology/approach: As part of the conducted research, 100 randomly selected reports of the Polish Accreditation Committee were analyzed in the context of the assessment of criterion 6 regarding cooperation with the socio-economic environment in the process of educating students, considering public and private entities. A desk research analysis was also conducted to attempt to verify the impact of the internationalization aspect on the level of cooperation between representatives of the world of science and business. Findings: Different types of Polish universities cooperate with the socio-economic environment to a different extent. Public universities care less about cooperation with the socio-economic environment than non-public universities. Originality/value: The topics discussed in this paper allow to fill the research gap related to the impact of cooperation with the socio-economic environment on the quality assurance both in the national and European context. Recommendations presented by the authors can be implemented both in Polish and European universities as signposts aimed at improving the quality and intensity of cooperation with the socio-economic environment.