Introduction. One of the significant issues of our time is the widespread distribution of chemicals in various fields of human activity, their pollution of the environment and the associated increase in chemical effects on humans. Any person can be exposed to a wide variety of chemicals, which can lead to the development of various pathologies, from acute poisoning to malignant neoplasms. In this regard, high-quality training of medical and pharmaceutical specialists in toxicology is necessary.The aim of the study is to evaluate the experience of the St. Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University in training students, master’s students, postgraduate students and practicing pharmaceutical specialists in toxicology.Material and methods. The materials of the work were documents of educational and methodological complexes on toxicology for students of the pharmaceutical faculty, master’s students, postgraduate students and students of advanced training courses of the St. Petersburg Chemical and Pharmaceutical University.Results. Toxicology as an independent academic discipline has been taught to students of the Faculty of Pharmacy of St. Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University for 15 years. During this period, a lot of methodological work has been done, two textbooks, three manuals and schoolbooks, a large amount of test questions and situational tasks, and electronic educational and methodological complex have been prepared. Over the past five years, toxicology has also been taught to master’s students and students in advanced training courses in "Industrial pharmacy". Since 2023, the St. Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University has opened a postgraduate program in scientific specialty 3.3.4 "Toxicology", which can be considered a significant success in the training of highly qualified personnel in the field of higher pharmaceutical education on current issues of toxicology.Limitations. The study is limited to an analysis of the experience of teaching toxicology at the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry of the St. Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University.Conclusion. Studying toxicology during initial training and additional education at St. Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University allows pharmaceutical specialists to acquire the necessary competencies for high-quality performance of professional duties when working in their specialty.Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the submission of a conclusion from the biomedical ethics committee or other documents.Authors’ contributions: Strelova O.Yu. – concept and design of research, collection, processing and analysis of the material, writing, editing; Grebenyuk A.N. – concept and design of research, collection, processing and analysis of the material, writing, editing; Tikhonova V.V. – collection of the material, writing; Balabanova O.L. – collection of the material, writing. All co-authors are responsible for approving the final version of the article and ensuring the integrity of all its parts.Conflict of interest. The authors declare no apparent and potential conflicts of interest in relation to the publication of this article.Funding. The study had no financial support.Accepted: January 12, 2026 / Revised: January 30, 2026 / Accepted: February 2, 2026 / Published: March 18, 2026

Introduction. The neuroactive insecticide imidacloprid, a member of the neonicotinoid class, is widely used worldwide to control various insect pests. Its high solubility leads to its entry into surface and groundwater, posing a significant risk to aquatic life.The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute and subchronic toxicity of imidacloprid on Danio rerio, including determining the LC50 and investigating the effects of varying insecticide concentrations on hematological parameters, genotoxicity, and histopathology of the gills, liver, trunk kidney, and middle intestine.Material and methods. The study used standard methods for determining the sublethal concentration in aquatic toxicology, as well as examining the leukocyte formula, genotoxicity, and histological preparations of D. rerio.Results. The 96-hour LC50 (LC5096) was determined to be 85.3 mg/L, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 76.16-96.98 mg/L. Hematological and histopathological changes were investigated for subchronic toxicity across a concentration range of 4 to 76 mg/L. Imidacloprid exposure resulted in a concentration-dependent decrease in erythrocyte counts, an increase in leukocyte counts, lymphopenia, and elevated numbers of monocytes, neutrophils, and basophils. An increased number of erythrocytes with nuclear abnormalities (deformed nuclei, 2.77‰; and fragmented nuclei, 2.85‰) was observed at concentrations of 38 and 76 mg/L. Histological changes were observed in the gills (basal epithelial atrophy and respiratory epithelial detachment), liver (sinusoidal capillary dilation and hepatocyte vacuolization), and kidneys (capillary dilation and tubular epithelial necrosis). The most prevalent histopathological finding was impaired circulation. In the middle intestine, an increased number of goblet cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes was observed.Limitations. The toxic effect of imidacloprid was assessed within the acute experiment. Additional experiments with longer duration and on other laboratory species would allow to reveal in more detail the mechanisms of toxic effect and related histopathological in disorders.Conclusion. The findings demonstrate the systemic toxicity of imidacloprid at concentrations exceeding 19 mg/L in Danio rerio organs and tissues.Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the Commission on Bioethics of K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technology and Management, carried out in accordance with the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental or other Scientific Purposes (ETS No. 123), Directive of the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union 2010/63/EU of September 22, 2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes.Authors’ contribution. All co-authors made an equal contribution to the research and preparation of the article for publication.Conflict of interests. The authors declare no apparent and potential conflicts of interest in relation to the publication of this article.Funding. This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project No. 23-16-00123).Received: March 1, 2025 / Revised: April 30, 2025 / Accepted: November 25, 2025 / Published: January 15, 2026

Introduction. Modern industrial enterprises are noted for pollution of the workplace air with a multicomponent mixture of chemicals, the combined exposure to which can significantly differ from their isolated ones and have a different toxic effect. Experimental studies and mathematical modeling of combined effects of toxic metals on various systems and organs are the scientific basis for assessing both occupational and environmental risks.The purpose of the research was to study the combined toxicity of lead and copper in an in vitro experiment using mathematical modeling.Material and methods. Experimental studies were carried out on an in vitro model using the IMR-32 cell line. Cytotoxicity was established following exposure to soluble lead and copper salts by measuring dehydrogenase activity using the MTT assay.Results. We have demonstrated that, in terms of dehydrogenase activity, the type of the combined effect of lead and copper in IMR-32 neuroblastoma cells changes with the increase in concentrations of the toxicants. At low doses of copper and lead, the type of combined action is additive, but with increasing doses it becomes antagonistic.Limitations. To assess the effect of lead and copper on cell culture, estimates calculated from one measured parameter of the dehydrogenase activity were used.Conclusion. Our findings support the general theory of combined toxicity, postulating the ambiguousness of the type of effect exhibited by the same pair of agents.Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the submission of the conclusion of the biomedical ethics committee and other documents.Authors’ contribution: Minigalieva I.A., Sutunkova M.P. – concept and design of research, editing; Shabardina L.V. – collection of material, data processing, writing; Panov V.G. – data processing, statistical analysis; Bushueva T.V., Karpova E.P. – collection of material and data processing. All co-authors are responsible for approving the final version of the article and ensuring the integrity of all its parts.Conflict of interest. The authors declare no apparent and potential conflicts of interest in relation to the publication of this article.Funding. The study had no sponsorship.Received: March 3, 2025 / Revised: April 4, 2025 / Accepted: November 25, 2025 / Published: January 15, 2026

Introduction. Thioacetamide belongs to highly toxic compounds that cause significant pathological changes in organs and tissues. In the context of the widespread use of chemicals, the search for effective methods of protecting the body from their negative effects remains an urgent task. The most promising strategy is the development of methods to reduce toxic damage to the body as a result of exposure to chemicals.Material and methods. The study was performed on 56 outbred male rats in a chronic experiment lasting 100 days with an intermediate study of morphological parameters on the 50th day. The animals were divided into 4 groups (2 control and 2 experimental): rats of the second (positive control), third and fourth groups were administered thioacetamide intraperitoneally twice a week at a dose of 50 mg / kg of body weight. The first group of rats (negative control) was administered an equivalent volume of physiological solution in a similar way. One hour before the toxicant, the third experimental group was administered the comparison drug ademetionine at a dose of 25 mg / kg of body weight, the fourth – a complex compound of oxymethyluracil with acetylcysteine at a dose of 500 mg / kg of body weight. The effectiveness of the correction was assessed by pathomorphological changes in the kidneys of rats.Results. In the middle of the experiment, no pathological changes were found in the kidneys of rats of all the studied groups. By the end of the experiment, under the influence of thioacetamide, signs of damage to the renal parenchyma were observed in the form of granular dystrophy, swelling of the cytoplasm of epithelial cells, narrowing of the lumen of the tubules and the formation of protein inclusions. When corrected with a complex compound of oxymethyluracil with acetylcysteine, pathological changes in the kidneys were less pronounced. Morphometric analysis of the cross-sectional area of ​​the proximal tubules and the area of ​​the cell nuclei confirmed the results of histological studies by groups.Limitations. With long-term exposure to thioacetamide, the hepatoprotective efficacy of drugs was assessed primarily by morphological characteristics, but for a more comprehensive assessment of the correction of toxic effects, it is also necessary to take into account biochemical and functional indicators.Conclusion. Chronic administration of thioacetamide to rats at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight has a nephrotoxic effect, which is reduced by prophylactic administration of ademetionine and a complex compound of oxymethyluracil with acetylcysteine ​​to animals. According to pathomorphological signs, the effectiveness of the nephroprotective effect of the complex compound of oxymethyluracil with acetylcysteine ​​is higher than that of ademetionine.Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the bioethics committee of the Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Medicine and Human Ecology (protocol No. 01-02 dated 08.02.2024).Authors’ contribution: Khmel A.O. – collecting and processing material, writing text; Yakupova T.G., Muhammadieva G.F., Gizatullina A.A., Khusnutdinova N.Yu. – collecting and processing material; Ryabova Yu.V., Repina E.F. – editing; Karimov D.O. – research concept and design, statistical analysis. All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.Conflict of interests. The authors declare no apparent and potential conflicts of interest in relation to the publication of this article.Funding. The work was carried out as part of the state assignment for the industry research program of Rospotrebnadzor “Scientific justification of the national system for ensuring sanitary and epidemiological well-being, managing health risks and improving the quality of life of the population of Russia” for 2021-2025. clause 6.1.8, state no. registration 121062100058-8. Received: April 2, 2025 / Revised: May 5, 2025 / Accepted: November 25, 2025 / Published: January 15, 2026

Introduction. For the first time, the concept was introduced and a theoretical justification was carried out for the values of “biomarkers’ control levels” (BCL) of a number of harmful chemicals, the excess of which indicates an increased chemical risk to the health of workers and can serve as the basis for predictive industrial medicine and personalization of approaches to medical examination.The aim of the study was to substantiate, using literature data, indicative control levels of biomarkers of harmful chemicals of organic nature: ethylene oxide, epichlorohydrin, trichloroethane, phenol, tri- and tetrachloroethylene, di- and tetrachloromethane, benzene, toluene, styrene, dimethylbenzenes, mixtures of limit hydrocarbons C6H14–C10H22, vinyl chloride, butanol-1, acetone, N,N-dimethylformamide and N-nitrosodimethylamine.Material and methods. The initial data for substantiation were obtained from scientific articles, monographs, materials from the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR, USA), the Russian Register of Potentially Hazardous Chemical and Biological Substances containing information on the physico-chemical properties, toxicity and hazards of chemicals.Results. The substantiation of the approximate control levels of biomarkers of hazardous chemicals is carried out in two ways: first – by analyzing the literature data on the content of biomarkers in the biological environments of the body working in industrial conditions with different exposure levels to establish mathematical relationships between parameters that can be extrapolated to the OEL level; second – by analyzing literature data on the content of endogenous biomarkers in the biological environment of the body, the excess of which can serve as a criterion for classifying as a group of workers whose health is at increased chemical risk.Limitations. The control levels were justified only for a number of organic compounds using literature data on the observed concentrations of substances in the air of the work area and concentrations in the biological environments of workers.Conclusion. In this work, the concept of reference levels of biomarkers of hazardous chemicals in the blood and urine of workers in harmful working conditions is introduced for the first time. The rationale for the control levels of biomarkers of 17 hazardous chemicals of an organic nature, which make up a significant part of the chemical burden on employees of domestic industry enterprises, is proposed.Compliance with ethical standards: This study does not require approval by the ethics committee.Аuthors’ сontribution: Ukolov A.I., Radilov A.S. – сoncept and design of the study; Orlova O.I. – data collection and processing; Ukolov A.I., Orlova O.I. – writing the text; BarinovV.A., Radilov A.S. – editing. All co-authors are responsible for approving the final version of the article and ensuring the integrity of all parts of the article.Acknowledgment. The authors are grateful to S.V. Tryashkin, Deputy Head of the Department of Scientific and Technological Support for Chemical, Biological and Radiation Safety of the FMBA of Russia, for valuable comments on the goals and principles of substantiating biomarker levels.Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.Funding. The study had no sponsorship.Received: May 12, 2025 / Revised: September 15, 2025 / Accepted: October 2, 2025 / Published: November 19, 2025

Introduction. Benz[a]pyrene is one of the most dangerous carcinogens of group I according to the IARC classification; it is metabolically activated by enzymes of the cytochrome system P450 (CYP) with the formation of reactive metabolites capable of damaging cells and DNA, which leads to carcinogenesis. The HepaRG cell line, which exhibits active enzymes of phases I and II of biotransformation, serves as a model for studying polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) metabolism and evaluating the effect of CYP modulators ketoconazole, α-naphthoflavone and 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ) on cell metabolism and the possibility of cytoprotection when exposed to benz[a]pyrene.The aim of the study was to evaluate metabolic changes under the cytoprotective action of ketoconazole, α-naphthoflavone and FICZ against the background of benz[a]pyrene toxicity in the HepaRG cell line model.Material and methods. To identify metabolomic biomarkers of PAH intoxication in HepaRG cells, changes in the metabolomic profile were analyzed using high-resolution chromatographic mass spectrometry. Potential biomarkers were identified through statistical data analysis methods.Results. The possibility of using a metabolomic analysis of conditioned media to identify markers of benz[a]pyrene exposure and evaluate the effects of CYP modulators in vitro using the HepaRG cell line has been shown. Changes in the metabolomic profile of conditioned media after exposure to benz[a]pyrene on HepaRG cells in the presence of α-naphthoflavone indicate a decrease of the PAHs toxic effect on cells.Limitations. The study was performed in vitro on a cell culture without analyzing the dose-dependent changes in the metabolome after exposure to the compounds studied and does not allow extrapolating the results obtained to a living organism.Conclusion. According to the results of the metabolomic profiling of the HepaRG cellular media, a number of metabolomic markers were identified: 5-hydroxytryptophol, lysophosphatides, arginine and glutamic acid, which indicate the cytoprotective effect of α-naphthoflavone against the background of the toxic effect of benz[a]pyrene.Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the submission of a biomedical ethics committee opinion or other documents.Authors’ contribution: Ilyushonok S.K. – collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing a text; Rogovskaya N.Yu. – collection of material, writing a text; Gladchuk A.S. – editing; Sharapov Ya.A. – writing a text; Perevoznikov I.E. – writing a text; Beltyukov P.P. – data processing and interpretation, text editing; Podolskaya E.P. – research concept and design; Babakov V.N. – the concept and design of the study, editing. All co-authors are responsible for approving the final version of the article and ensuring the integrity of all parts of the article.Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interest.Funding. The work was carried out within the framework of the state contract (2224388100182000000000000/25.456.22.9), cipher “Monitoring-SOZ”.Received: August 08, 2025 / Accepted: October 2, 2025 / Published: November 19, 2025

Introduction. Due to the long-term use of asymmetric dimethylhydrazine as a component of rocket fuel, there seems to be a relevant problem with its contamination of environmental objects and its negative effects on those who come into contact with it. In order to carry out federal state sanitary and epidemiological control (supervision) over the content of this substance in the water of reservoirs, it is necessary to establish appropriate hygienic regulations providing for a complex of organoleptic, general sanitary and toxicological studies.Material and methods. The object of research was an asymmetric dimethylhydrazine (heptyl, 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (CH3)2N2H2, CAS No. 57-14-7) with a mass fraction of 99% and a specific gravity of d420 = 0.7914 g/cm3. Heptyl is well soluble in water.Results. It has been established that the toxicant, without causing changes in organoleptic properties, has a negative impact on a number of general sanitary characteristics of this ecosystem: biochemical oxygen consumption, nitrification processes, saprophytic microflora. The lowest threshold concentration of the compound for this hazard indicator was 3.0·10-5 mg/l.A single intragastric injection of an aqueous solution of heptyl into the body of female rats, subject to storage for 30 days, at different periods of exposure to the substance caused individual violations of homeostasis. The greatest toxic effect was noted after the solution was soaked for 1 day.Limitations. The identified behavioral features of heptyl must be taken into account when it once pollutes the water of reservoirs (in case of an emergency). However, the data obtained are insufficient to substantiate the hygienic standards of compounds in the water of water bodies.Conclusion. The results of the performed studies indicate that the ingress of asymmetric dimethylhydrazine into the water represents an ecological and toxicological hazard, registered by two basic signs of harmfulness, which is taken into account when justifying the MPC of the compound in the water of reservoirs.Compliance with ethical standards. The experimental study was approved by the Independent Ethics Committee at the Scientific Research Institute of Hygiene, Toxicology and Occupational Pathology of the FMBA of Russia (Protocol No. 2 dated June 18, 2024).Authors’ contribution: Demidova S.A. – planning and execution of the research; Maslennikov A.A. – concept and design of the research, analysis of the results, writing the text; Gorshenin A.V. – collection and processing of the material; Agaev H.S.S. – statistical data processing; Novikova O.N. – editing; Dulov S.A. – concept and design of the research, analysis of the results, editing; Kucherskoy S.A. – analysis of the results, editing; Oskina D.G. – analysis of the results, editing. All co-authors – approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.Funding. The study was conducted within the framework of the state program of the Russian Federation “Scientific and Technological Development of the Russian Federation”Received: September 17, 2025 / Accepted: October 2, 2025 / Published: November 19, 2025

Introduction. The lack of analytical determination of toxic chemicals in biological environments and environmental objects complicates the assessment of the prognosis of the poisoned person’s condition and the choice of medical tactics at the advanced stages of medical evacuation. This problem is extremely relevant in cases of poisoning with fast-acting substances in conditions where therapeutic measures are severely limited in time. Taking this into account, an attempt was made to develop a diagnostic algorithm based on the mathematical method of binary discrimination of objective signs of poisoning. Material and methods. Tables of 56 bivariantly manifesting (yes/no) signs of 89 etiological types of poisoning were compiled taking into account national guidelines and the authors’ experience in the presence of analytical confirmation of the diagnosis. Using the discriminant binarization method, sets of 11 signs were selected that unambiguously determine all types of poisoning and a decision rule was compiled for their express diagnostics at the advanced stages of medical evacuation. Results. Assessments of the presence or absence of objective manifestations of intoxication in the format of a reduced matrix made it possible to formulate a version of a decision rule for diagnosing poisoning with the most common types of military, industrial and medicinal toxicants, modern narcotic and psychotropic drugs, and substances of natural origin. The compiled algorithm is currently being tested to determine the objective characteristics of prognostic significance in the context of providing medical care of unknown structure toxic agent intoxication. Limitations. Binary discrimination acceptability for data objectification on a probable toxic chemical class does not apply to home foodborne intoxications and iatrogenies, and their methodic interpretabilities are limited by preventive prescription of symptomatic therapeutics. Conclusion. The method of multiple binary discrimination of alternatively expressed features is applicable in the formation of express assessments of the state and prognosis of the course of the disease allows reducing redundant information and compiling primary diagnostic algorithms applicable until analytical confirmation of the etiology of poisoning is available.

Introduction. The previously obtained data indicate pronounced critical disturbances of enteral homeostasis (barrier, motor-evacuation, secretory-absorption and digestive disfunctions of the intestine) during sulfur mustard intoxication. Obviously, against this background, the habitat of the intestinal microbiota changes significantly, which can lead to significant changes in the content of short-chain fatty acids and aromatic microbial metabolites both at the local level and in the systemic bloodstream. The aim of the work is to study the metabolomic profile of short-chain fatty acids and aromatic microbial metabolites in the blood serum of rats in the dynamics of sulfur mustard intoxication. Material and methods. Four experimental groups of rats were intramuscularly administered sulfur mustard at a dose of 1.0 LD50. On days 1, 2, 3 and 4 after the introduction of the toxicant, the quantitative content of acetic, propionic, butyric, valerianic, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic, phenylpropionic, 3-phenyllactic and p-hydroxyphenyllactic acids was determined in the blood serum by High performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Similar indicators were determined in the blood serum of the control group of animals. Results. A decrease in the content of all studied short-chain fatty acids was recorded starting from the first day after the introduction of the toxicant in comparison with similar indicators of the control group. Analysis of the quantitative content of aromatic microbial metabolites revealed an increase in serum concentrations of hydroxyphenylacetic and phenyllactic acids, most pronounced by the 3rd–4th day of sulfur mustard intoxication. Limitations. Analytical studies of samples do not apply to environmental objects, and the methodological possibilities of their interpretation are limited by the chemical nature of analytes. Conclusion. This paper presents for the first time the results of studying the metabolomic profile (the content of short-chain fatty acids and aromatic microbial metabolites) of rat blood serum in the dynamics of sulfur mustard intoxication. Analysis of the obtained results allows us to speak about pronounced microecological changes in the gastrointestinal tract after the introduction of sulfur mustard, and a decrease in the content of short-chain fatty acids, with a simultaneous increase in the level of hydroxyphenylacetic and phenyllactic acids, may have an important patho- and thanatogenetic significance.

Introduction. Medical care for patients diagnosed with the toxic effect of ethanol (according to ICD-10 code T51.0) it turns out to be in specialized toxicological centers or in emergency departments of multidisciplinary hospitals. The purpose of this study was to study the effectiveness of the drug моликсан® (molixаn) at different levels of medical care for patients diagnosed with the toxic effect of ethanol. Material and method. 128 patients were included in the study, of which 76 patients were taken to the emergency department of St. Petersburg State Medical Institution "Alexandrovskaya Hospital" and 52 patients were taken to the intensive care unit No. 11 of the St. Petersburg Scientific Research Institute of Emergency Medicine named after I.I. Dzhanelidze. All patients met the inclusion criteria: age 18–60 years; impaired consciousness of alcoholic genesis 21–30 points on the Glasgow–Pittsburgh coma scale (PBSS: Pittsburg Brain Stem Score, Kelsey S.F., et al. 1991); ethanol concentration in the blood is more than 2.5%. 72 patients were included in the моликсан® group, 56 patients in the Placebo group. Results. The use of the drug моликсан® has a positive effect on the dynamics of restoring the level of consciousness, which is reflected in higher values of the Glasgow–Pittsburgh scale after 1, 3 and 6 hours from the start of therapy (p<0.01), reducing the period of stay of the patient in a coma from 150 [75; 178] minutes to 60 [50; 161.5] minutes (p<0.05) and restoration of consciousness to a clear level after 3.5± 0.3 hours (p<0.05).It was also revealed, that in the group of patients using моликсан®, normalization of heart rate (p<0.05) and a decrease in the frequency and severity of tremor (p<0.05) were noted. The hepatoprotective efficacy of моликсан® was shown, which manifested itself in a decrease in ALT, AST, GGTP, alkaline phosphatase, total and direct bilirubin (p<0.001). Limitations. The clinical efficacy of моликсан® in the toxic effects of severe ethanol was carried out in patients with depression of consciousness and elevated levels of ALT, AST, GGTP, alkaline phosphatase, total and direct bilirubin, which indicated the presence of alcoholic hepatopathy. Conclusion. The conducted study showed the expediency of using моликсан® at a dosage of 3.0 mg/kg intravenously with the toxic effect of ethanol of moderate and severe severity of the disease.