ABSTRACT Carsharing, as an innovative mobility service, is expected to exert either substitution or complementary effects on the use of other travel modes through interactions within urban environments. Despite numerous studies examining these effects, there is no consensus regarding carsharing's impact on travel modes and the overall transportation system. Moreover, existing literature often neglects the differences among various carsharing schemes. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of emerging literature on the impacts of carsharing on private car ownership and other travel modes, focusing on individual and behavioural perspectives. The primary objective is to interpret and discuss how different carsharing schemes (such as, peer-to-peer, one-way station/zone-based, round-trip station/zone-based, free-floating) influence travel behaviour in terms of mode complementarity and mode substitution. We synthesise these findings in a conceptual model illustrating the impact of carsharing on private car ownership and the use of other travel modes, discuss the distinctions between various carsharing schemes and travel modes, and outline directions for future research.

ABSTRACT As autonomous vehicle (AV) technology progresses, a substantial amount of AV simulation work has studied potential future outcomes that could occur given different assumptions, scopes and technologies. As a revolutionary technology, AVs could have significant impacts on urban economic, environmental and social systems. In many cases, the research is directed towards decisionmakers: transportation authorities, policymakers and fleet operators. However, due to the complexity and uncertainty of AV adoption in interconnected urban systems such as transportation and land use, it is difficult for policymakers to understand the overlapping policy suggestions and results across the many simulation studies. In this paper, we summarise the suggested policies in AV simulation research from 170 studies published during 2016–2024 and provide context for the policies being suggested. Specifically, the key question we try to answer is: what are the recommended AV policies based on simulation studies? Many simulation results have shown increased vehicle miles/kilometers travelled (VMT/VKT) due to induced demand, empty vehicle repositioning, or cruising instead of parking. In response, we found common policy recommendations such as congestion pricing, subsidising car-sharing and ride-pooling, increasing parking costs, investing in public transportation and restricting AV demand as ways to address the increase in VMT/VKT. We also identified common policy bundles, or joint recommendations, such as congestion pricing with increased parking costs. Finally, we compare and contrast simulation policy suggestions with a few qualitative AV policy studies, pointing out key research gaps for the future and possible mixed-methods opportunities.

ABSTRACT In the face of the challenge of a transformation of urban mobility, experimental approaches have seen a rise: Tactical urbanism, open streets, pop–up bike lanes, and superblocks have spread globally, and under the term street experiments, an expansive body of literature has emerged. This debate is based on the notion that experiments have a transformative capacity to provide an impetus for wider change. However, the understanding of this is still limited and forms only a tacit background in most articles. This systematic review therefore analyses the implicit and explicit theories of change that underpin the literature on street experiments. From a qualitative content analysis of 62 papers, it distinguishes four perspectives: the local implementation, innovation, citizens, and critical perspective. It also identifies the theoretical frameworks and components used to analyse or conceptualise the pathways from street experiments to transformation, finding a wide range from comprehensive frameworks – such as the multi–level perspective – to smaller, inductive components. However, their added value is partially limited because they are not sufficiently empirically grounded or conceptually adapted to the specificities of street experiments. The paper concludes that to construct more robust theories of change, there is a need to use available theory to conceptualise key impact mechanisms such as “learning” or “acceptance”, inductively connect abstract theoretical models with the complex reality of street experiments, and empirically assess assumptions.

ABSTRACT Travel time use – also called “travel-based multitasking” – has been increasingly recognised as an important component of activity-travel behaviour, influencing time-use and travel-related choices. This paper discusses a taxonomy issue in the literature and is the first to provide a systematic and comprehensive overview of the state of knowledge on the effects of travel time use on different dimensions of activity-travel behaviour, namely, time-use, mode choice, value of travel time savings, travel experience, and second-order effects. Regarding the taxonomy issue, we conceptualise when it is suitable to employ the terms “travel time use” and “(travel-based) multitasking”. Particularly, we suggest employing “travel time use” as the overarching term to refer to the act of undertaking activities while travelling, while “(travel-based) multitasking” is regarded as special case of travel time use when two or more cognitively/physically demanding tasks overlap. Regarding the knowledge consolidation, considering current and future transport options, we conduct a meta-synthesis to identify prevailing hypotheses about the effects of travel time use on activity-travel behaviour and then review empirical studies to examine the extent to which the current knowledge corroborates predominant hypotheses. Considering these findings, we discuss a research agenda to appraise the effects of travel time use on activity-travel behaviour.

ABSTRACT Before they can drive, encouraging adolescents to use public transport can be an important strategy to support their independent travel. Yet, to date, most research on children’s independent mobility focuses on school or active travel and rarely considers adolescents’ unique needs and constraints. This paper uses a systematic literature review to update a theoretical framework of factors influencing public transport use for pre-driving adolescents (aged 9–18 years). A systematic literature search uncovered 36 studies published between 1994 and 2023. Based on these results, three broad factors following the Social Ecological approach were proposed that exerted effects on adolescents’ use of public transport: individual characteristics, family/social environment, and physical characteristics. However, this conceptual framework is a start, and there are still many issues that remain unresolved. Future research should take time to explore adolescents’ travel behaviour, particularly in their travels to other destinations except for school, outside peak commuting periods and on weekends. If we choose not to consider exclusively adolescents’ viewpoints, we risk further marginalising potentially vulnerable populations and possibly missing out on a burgeoning market for more environmentally friendly transport solutions.

ABSTRACT Port system evolution is an important topic in the domain of port geography. This review study focuses on the evolution of container port systems by summarising the main evolutionary trajectories of port systems based on the existing literature. We sorted 142 relevant studies to form the literature collection according to a six-step approach. Port system evolution research is overall characterised by a growing number of relevant studies, dominant journals for publication, various analyzed geographical scopes and diverse research methods. The review results show that port systems have generally experienced the processes from concentration to deconcentration, and from interport and intraport competition to coopetition in foreland and maritime space, and the development from limited inland access to improved port-hinterland accessibility. There exist a number of debates and gaps surrounding the evolutionary processes of port systems.

ABSTRACT Activity-based travel demand models emerged mainly to fix the conceptual, statistical, and operational deficiencies of conventional trip-based models. This is done by microstimulating the activity scheduling behaviour of individuals/households instead of modelling the number of trips between the zones of an urban area. In the “Next Generation” of activity-based models (ABMs), researchers are making an effort to improve their capacity to replicate the travel-activity patterns of urban populations more realistically. Expanding the modelling time frame from a single day to an entire week is one of the essential aspects of the “Next Generation” of ABMs. Although there is still a long way to go before a comprehensive and operational week-long ABM can be developed, the literature on its different aspects, the theoretical and conceptual frameworks, and the efforts to collect multi-day travel-activity diaries are now at a stage that is worth a comprehensive and systematic review. Therefore, the current study is devoted to exploring the existing literature on multi-day activity-based modelling, categorising its elements in a systematic manner, searching for the research gaps in the existing models and proposing a comprehensive framework to fill those gaps.

ABSTRACT Mobility hubs offer a strategic opportunity to enhance multimodal transportation and reduce greenhouse gas emissions within the transport sector. Identifying the spatial factors determinants influencing the usage of mobility hub components is essential for policymakers and transport planners aiming to identify their optimal locations. This study undertakes a systematic literature review and ranking of spatial factors associated with the usage of key on-demand services within mobility hub elements, including bike sharing, scooter sharing, car sharing, ride hailing and taxi and electric vehicle charging stations. Utilising databases such as Web of Science, Google Scholar and Francis & Taylor, we evaluated 119 records, identifying 39 key factors from social and built environments that are associated with usage of the on-demand elements. Key findings highlight the significance of population density, employment density, proximity to public transport, recreational POIs and household income, along with a noted negative association with the factor slope. This research contributes to exploring how these factors align across various on-demand mobility services that can be potentially used for policymakers, and transportation planners in evaluating potential strategies for the optimal allocation and development of mobility hubs.