Marine iguanas occasionally face severe food shortages because of algal dieback during El Niño events. Research on their adaptations to these periods has highlighted their unique ability to shrink in body length, which reduces their energetic needs. Additional mechanisms, like sustaining lower body temperatures and metabolic rates, could potentially also lower energy consumption, but have never been examined. We measured 665 iguanas over an 11‐year period including three El Niño events, and examined how heart rates (a proxy for metabolic rates) and body temperatures change with sea‐surface temperature oscillations (Oceanic Niño Index, ONI). Heart rate (adjusting for body size, temperature, season, and study site) was negatively correlated with ONI and lower during El Niño, whereas the adjusted body temperature did not correlate with ONI or differ between El Niño and other periods. We therefore hypothesize that marine iguanas can depress their metabolic rates in response to the harsh conditions, an adaptation that is complementary to shrinking and may further enhance their survival through periods of limited food. Direct metabolic measurements are needed to test this hypothesis.

This version of the article has been accepted for publication, after peer review and is subject to Springer Nature&rsquo;s AM terms of use, but is not the Version of Record and does not reflect post-acceptance improvements, or any corrections. The Version of Record is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-025-01783-1 <strong>Abstract</strong> Rates of suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STB, i.e., suicidal thoughts, plans, and attempts), substance use, and bullying victimization are higher among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and/or queer (LGBTQ+) youth compared to their heterosexual peers. However, research examining the interactive and potentially compounding associations of concurrent bullying and substance use (alcohol, cannabis, hallucinogens, and opioids) with STB is sparse, especially among LGBTQ+ youth. Thus, the current study aims to understand how these substances moderate the association between bullying victimization and STB&nbsp; by utilizing data (<em>N</em> = 96,482) from the combined 2003-2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS). Using a cross-sectional design and hierarchical logistic regression, we found that, on average, LGBTQ+ youth who were bullied were more likely to report planning to attempt suicide (<em>O.R.</em> = 2.71, <em>p</em> &lt; .01). Similarly, youth who reported using opioids/prescription drugs (<em>O.R.</em> = 4.60, <em>p</em> &lt; .05) or hallucinogens (<em>O.R.</em> = 8.89, <em>p</em> &lt; .01) were more likely to attempt suicide. No significant associations between alcohol use and STB were found. Lastly, cannabis emerged as a significant moderator of the associations between bullying victimization and suicidal ideation and plans, such that adolescents who were bullied and used cannabis were less likely to report suicidal ideation and planning compared to those who were bullied but did not use cannabis. These findings highlight that different substances are distinctively associated with STB among LGBTQ+ youth, providing a better understanding of how individuals who are being bullied may cope and to develop prevention programs to combat suicidal thoughts, planning, and attempts.

Introduction Around 55,000 pregnant individuals enter US jails annually, with over one-third having a substance use disorder (SUD), putting them at risk of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Yet, uptake of perinatal/SUD care best-practices into jails is slow, impacted by many organizational factors. This study explores the organizational contexts that shape decision-making structures and policy development regarding perinatal/SUD care in North Carolina (NC) jails. Method We conducted semi-structured interviews with employees at 26 NC jails in 2023. Interview transcripts were de-identified and analyzed using ideal-type analysis methodology. Two team members created organizational context summaries, proposed ideal-types (i.e., categories based on shared characteristics), and categorized each interviewed jail. A third team member performed a credibility check, and discrepancies were resolved through team consensus. Results We constructed three jail ideal-types based on organizational capacity to implement new care policies, identify medical care alternatives to incarceration through community and judiciary connections, and foster collaborative decision making between custody and medical staff regarding perinatal/SUD care. Proactive and Collaborative jails (n&thinsp;=&thinsp;6) had recently implemented evidence-based programs and/or policies, facilitated referrals to alternatives to incarceration, and collaborated across roles in perinatal/SUD care innovation. Responsive and Coordinated jails (n&thinsp;=&thinsp;15) had more limited perinatal/SUD implementation experience, fewer connections for alternatives to incarceration, and less management collaboration. Traditional jails (n&thinsp;=&thinsp;5) had not implemented new programs and/or policies, did not identify local alternatives to incarceration, and maintained centralized and siloed decision-making structures. Conclusions These typologies provide a conceptual framework for understanding leadership structures and care innovation in NC jails regarding perinatal/SUD care. This framework can be applied to collaborative initiatives with jails to help develop context-specific implementation teams and strategies for integrating perinatal/SUD best-practices. Understanding these organizational contexts is crucial for developing tailored approaches that support jails in their uptake and delivery of perinatal/SUD evidence-based practice to ultimately improve perinatal outcomes.

Global knowledge of tardigrade diversity is limited, and there are still regions with poorly studied fauna. We applied an integrative taxonomy approach to describe two new eutardigrade species from Nepal and Canada. The present analysis was based on morphological and morphometric data (using both light and scanning electron microscopy) combined with multilocus molecular data (nuclear barcode sequences, i.e. 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA and ITS&ndash;2, and one mitochondrial COI sequences) combined with Automated Simultaneous Analysis Phylogenetics (ASAP) species delimitation. The new species belongs to the tardigradum morphogroup with [3&ndash;3]-[3&ndash;3] claw configuration. Morphologically, both species are most similar to Milnesium alpigenum, Mil. iniquum, Mil. shilohae and Mil. quiranae, but differ from them by morphometric traits of the buccal tube and claws, and the presence or absence of eyes. Based on COI p-distances, Mil. milenae sp. nov. is most similar to Mil. pentapapillatum and Milnesium myriae sp. nov. is most similar to Mil. eurystomum. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2B7E2507-80F9-483B-8082-15802706B4FA

Water level and water level changes of lentic water bodies such as lakes, wetlands, and reservoirs are rarely available, despite the relevance of these to maintain ecosystems (e.g., by providing drinking water, food, and cultural activities; and by supporting biodiversity). One alternative is to measure water surface elevation with radar nadir altimeters, whose use has increased as the capabilities of measuring inland water bodies have improved. However, their effectiveness has primarily focused on lakes larger than ~100 km2, and the analysis of contributing factors to obtaining high accuracies is typically performed for a few lakes with special cases. We evaluated water surface elevation change from Sentinel-3 and Jason-3 nadir altimeter missions in lakes and reservoirs using in-situ observations from national governmental institutions and the citizen science network from the project Lake Observations by Citizen Scientists and Satellites. Utilizing the accuracy metrics of Pearson correlation coefficient, R, and the unbiased Root Mean Square Error, ubRMSE, over 27 waterbodies, we found a median ubRMSE of 0.15 m and R of 0.88. We combined the results from 61 additional lakes in a Random Forest algorithm with a permutation of importance to evaluate the impact of 7 factors on the accuracy metrics. Although water surface variability was the most contributing factor to the accuracy, we found differences in the order of variables depending on the evaluation metric used. Our results contribute to show the potential of the nadir altimeters to estimate water surface elevation changes in small lakes, present the advantages of using citizen science monitoring, and the relevance of water surface variability in relation to other factors contributing to high altimeter accuracy. Our implementation of the level of importance algorithm shows potential to systematically evaluate the nadir altimeter validation work available in the literature.