Chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) is a significant immunosuppressive pathogen that compromises both cellular and humoral immune functions in poultry. The present study aimed to evaluate the immunosuppressive effects of neem liquid extract, acyclovir, and haemocare on CIAV infection by assessing hematological parameters, oxidative stress markers, phagocytic activities, DNA damage, and bone marrow analysis. One hundred and five one-day-old broiler chickens of both sexes were divided into seven equal groups. Group 1 was the control; uninfected and untreated, Group 2 was infected intramuscularly (IM) with 1 mL (104.5 TCID50 /0.1 mL) of CIAV-infected cell culture supernatant per chicken at 12 days of age, Group 3 was pre-treated with acyclovir (10 mg/kg IM daily for three days) starting at 9 days of age, infected with 1 mL of CIAV-infected cells at 12 days of age, Group 4 was pre-treated with neem (50 mL/Liter) in drinking water from day one until the end of the experiment, infected with 1 mL of CIAV-infected cells at 12 days of age, and subsequently treated with acyclovir (10 mg/kg IM daily) for two weeks starting at 15 days of age after the appearance of clinical signs, Group 5 was pre-treated with neem (50 mL/Liter), infected with 1 mL of CIAV-infected cells, and then post-treated with neem and hemocare (5 mL per 100 chickens in drinking water) for two weeks, commencing from day 15, Group 6 was pre-treated with neem (50 mL/Liter), infected with CIAV, and post-treated with a combination of neem, acyclovir, and hemocare (5 mL per 100 chickens), and Group 7 was infected with CIAV and post-treated with acyclovir at 10 mg/kg IM daily for two weeks. The results indicated normocytic normochromic anemia, with decreased antioxidant and phagocytic activities, and increased DNA damage in thymus tissue in CIAV-infected chickens. In conclusion, pre- and post-treatment with neem liquid extract, either alone or combined with acyclovir and haemocare, improved hematological parameters, oxidative stress markers, and phagocytic activities, while reducing DNA damage caused by CIAV infection in broiler chickens.

The increasing resistance of helminths such as Ascaridia galli to conventional anthelmintics has necessitated the search for alternative treatments from natural sources. This study aimed to assess the anthelmintic properties of phenanthroindolizidine alkaloids derived from Tylophora indica leaves, a plant renowned for its medicinal value, including its traditional use in treating respiratory disorders, inflammation, and various infections. The leaves were subjected to sequential extraction with chloroform, ethanol, and water, which produced yields of 7.2%, 17.8%, and 11.2%, respectively. Phytochemical analysis revealed that the ethanol extract was rich in bioactive compounds, including significant amounts of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, and terpenoids. Quantitative analysis confirmed the ethanol extract's superiority, displaying the highest contents of phenolics (7.51 ± 0.62 mg/g), flavonoids (9.34 ± 1.63 mg/g), and alkaloids (17.65 ± 1.69 mg/g), underscoring its potential for various therapeutic applications. Further fractionation and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) purification isolated key phenanthroindolizidine alkaloids, including Tylophorinidine, Tylophorine, Septicine, Tylophorinol, and Antofine. Structural characterization via Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS) validated these compounds. In vitro assays demonstrated significant dose-dependent anthelmintic activity against Ascaridia galli worms. Ethanol extracts exhibited the highest mortality rates, achieving 100% mortality within 24 hours at a concentration of 5 mg/mL. The mixture of all five alkaloids at 500 µg/mL showed a synergistic effect, leading to rapid and complete anthelmintic action. The egg embryonation assay further highlighted the efficacy of these alkaloids. The egg embryonation assay further demonstrated the potent efficacy of these alkaloids, with the mixture at 500 µg/mL inhibiting 92.67% of egg development, surpassing the positive control, i.e. piperazine citrate, which showed 87.25% inhibition. Among individual alkaloids, Tylophorinidine exhibited the highest inhibition of egg embryonation (80.76%), followed by Antofine (78.42%). These findings demonstrated the potent anthelmintic properties of phenanthroindolizidine alkaloids from Tylophora indica, particularly when used in combination (Tylophorinidine, Tylophorine, Septicine, Tylophorinol, and Antofine), compared to their individual effects. The study underscores the potential of these compounds as effective treatments for helminth infections and highlights the importance of further research to isolate specific mechanisms and optimize their therapeutic efficacy.

Dermatitis is an inflammation of the skin characterized by itching, hair loss, lesions, and redness. Various agents can cause dermatitis, including Sarcoptes scabiei, Demodex canis, and Microsporum canis. Animals experiencing dermatitis undergo internal changes in their bodies, particularly in the immune system. The presence of an infection is usually preceded by the appearance of Immunoglobulin M (IgM). This study aimed to determine the differences in IgM levels in dogs with dermatitis before therapy (pre-therapy) and after therapy (post-therapy), as well as the differences in IgM levels between dogs with mild and severe dermatitis. The study involved 40 local dogs, divided into two groups, including 20 dogs with mild dermatitis and 20 dogs with severe dermatitis. Serum sampling was conducted in two phases: the first phase was pre-therapy, and the second phase was 14 days after therapy (post-therapy). The therapy administered to dogs with mild dermatitis consisted of diphenhydramine HCl and ivermectin, while the therapy for dogs with severe dermatitis included diphenhydramine HCl, ivermectin, amoxicillin, and dexamethasone. Serum samples from the dogs were then tested using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay method. The results of the study revealed that serum IgM levels in dogs with mild and severe dermatitis did not show any significant difference. In dogs with mild dermatitis, serum IgM levels before therapy were not statistically different compared to those after therapy. However, in dogs with severe dermatitis, serum IgM levels before therapy were significantly higher compared to after therapy. The results of this study indicate that therapy can impact serum IgM levels in dogs with severe dermatitis, while it does not significantly affect these levels in cases of mild dermatitis.

Zygote arrest 1 (ZAR 1) is a maternal gene that plays a crucial role in the oocyte-to-embryo transition. The present study aimed to investigate the presence or absence of the ZAR 1 gene in oocytes, zygotes, and embryos of Pesisir Cattle. Ovaries were collected from cattle at slaughterhouses, and oocytes were retrieved at the Biotechnology Laboratory. The collected oocytes were matured in a maturation medium supplemented with Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) at a concentration of 10 µg/ml or without IGF-1 for 24 hours in a CO₂ incubator maintained at 38.5°C. Following maturation, the oocytes were fertilized for 18 hours, and the resulting embryos were cultured for 48 hours in a CO₂ incubator at 38.5°C. The samples were then subjected to PCR analysis. The amplification results revealed the presence of the ZAR 1 gene band at the target size of 228 bp in oocytes matured with and without IGF-1. A comparative analysis of oocytes and embryos showed differences in the gene bands, particularly in samples supplemented with IGF-1. These findings suggest that IGF-1 supplementation during oocyte maturation significantly influences ZAR 1 gene expression in embryos. The observed variations in ZAR 1 gene expression across the oocyte, zygote, and embryo stages highlight the gene's pivotal role in reprogramming post-fertilization and maintaining early embryonic development.

Cyanide poisoning poses a significant global health risk, affecting both humans and animals due to its rapid and often fatal effects. Cyanide compounds, such as hydrogen cyanide, potassium cyanide, and cyanogenic glycosides found in certain plants, interfere with cellular respiration by blocking cytochrome oxidase, causing cytotoxic hypoxia and organ failure. Human exposure to cyanide is primarily linked to industrial activities such as mining and electroplating, as well as smoke inhalation during fires. Symptoms of poisoning include respiratory distress, dizziness, and, in severe cases, cardiac arrest and death if left untreated. In animals, particularly livestock, poisoning often results from consuming cyanogenic plants such as sorghum and specific grasses. Different species have varying susceptibility to cyanide, with cattle showing signs such as respiratory distress, seizures, and death after ingesting these plants. Detection methods for cyanide, including spectrophotometry, gas chromatography, and ion-selective electrodes, which analyze cyanide levels in blood, urine, or tissues. Treatment generally involves the administration of antidotes, such as hydroxocobalamin, sodium thiosulfate, and sodium nitrite, which neutralize cyanide in the body. The current study aimed to highlight the importance of stringent regulatory measures on cyanide usage in industrial and agricultural contexts to prevent accidental poisoning. Environmental monitoring and processing of safe food are vital to reduce the incidence of cyanide poisoning in both humans and animals.

Aquaculture production has become increasingly important for ensuring food security, supported by the expanding variety of cultivated species. This study evaluated the effects of different water environment characteristics on the differential leukocyte counts of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), a key farmed fish species in Africa. Fish from four different water sources were compared with healthy individuals from the natural water of the Nile River. A total of 64 Nile tilapia, each weighing 80–100 grams, were evenly divided into four groups and maintained at temperatures ranging from 25.00± 2.5°C to 30.00 ± 2.5°C. The groups included fish from experimental tanks (ET), ponds managed by the General Administration of Fisheries Ponds (GAFP), the Fisheries Research Center Ponds (FRCP), and the White Nile River (WNR, control). Significant differences in water quality parameters, particularly NH₄, NH₃, NO₃, and NO₂ concentrations, were observed among the water sources. GAFP and ET waters showed higher concentrations of these compounds (NH₄, NH₃, NO₃, and NO₂) compared to FRCP and WNR. Differential leukocyte counts varied significantly across the groups. The ET group showed the highest eosinophil percentage (9.68 ± 0.44%), while the GAFP group exhibited the highest percentages of lymphocytes (46.40 ± 0.13%), monocytes (15.43 ± 0.14%), and neutrophils (18.31 ± 0.16%) compared to WNR. In contrast, the FRCP group recorded the highest platelet percentage (32.34 ± 0.49%), while the ET group had the lowest (13.65 ± 0.15%). Additionally, the ET group recorded the highest overall white blood cell count (191.46 ± 0.61 × 10³). A strong positive correlation was found between the blood profiles of Nile tilapia and the water environment parameters. This study highlighted significant differences in water quality among experimental groups, with FRCP and WNR showing lower parameters. In addition, examining white blood cells in fish is crucial for biological monitoring of surface water pollution.

Dermatology is an important specialty in veterinary medicine, focusing on the skin and its appendages. Therefore, the present study highlighted the percentage of skin disorders, as well as their associated risk factors, from cases received at the Parasitology-Dermatology clinic of the Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine (IAV Hassan II), Rabat, Morocco for two years. A total of 1561 dogs (1450 dogs were in 28 different pure breeds and 111 dogs were mongrels, 805 males, and 756 females, with an average age of 6.5 years old) were presented at the University Veterinary Teaching Hospital (UVTH) of the IAV Hassan II from the end of October 2020 to the end of May 2022 (including vaccinations) and 125 dogs were assessed and 161 skin diseases were found (a few dogs had more than one skin disease). Dermatological examinations represented an average of 8.00% (125/1561) of all canine cases received at the University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. The most common clinical signs were pruritus, alopecia, erythema, onychogryphosis, and visible ectoparasites. Parasitic dermatoses were the most frequent, representing 44.10% of all dermatological cases, followed by allergic dermatoses (25.47%) and fungal skin infections (19.25%). Bacterial skin infections and dermatological manifestations of endocrine disorders were infrequent, representing 8.70% and 2.48%, respectively of all observed cases. Risk factors contributing to the occurrence of canine skin disorders included age and lifestyle for sarcoptic mange. An apparent predilection for the living environment was observed in the case of canine leishmaniosis, and an apparent predilection for sex regarding otodectic mange was also demonstrated. Similar results were found for the living environment and lifestyle concerning canine atopic dermatitis. Data reported herein fill gaps in knowledge of skin disorders and their associated risk factors in dogs in Morocco, demonstrating the dominance of skin diseases of zoonotic interest, including flea bite allergy dermatitis (FBAD), dermatophytosis, and canine leishmaniosis.

An incision wound is a wound caused by being sliced. Two ingredients that play a key role in the wound-healing process are glucomannan and acemannan, which are rich in polysaccharides and growth hormones. Growth hormones stimulate fibroblast activity and proliferation. The present study involved 35 Sprague Dawley male rats, aged 2-3 months old and weighing 200-300 grams. The study comprised seven groups including, negative control group (G1), positive control (aquades, G2), betadine 10% (G3), gel base (0.5 mg, G4), gel base + sodium metabisulfite 0.2 gr (G5), gel base + Aloe vera 5% (G6), and gel base + Aloe vera 5% + sodium metabisulfite 0.2 gr (G7). Each group had five replications. Initially, a 4-cm incision was made on the dorsal skin of each rat. The study lasted 15 days with observations made on days 3, 7, and 15. After the observation period, the rats were anesthetized and then terminated to collect skin tissues for microscopic examination. The tissue samples were then stained immunohistochemically to assess fibroblast growth factor (FGF) expressions. The results showed that the highest FGF expression was observed in the 5% Aloe vera + 2% metabisulfite group (G7), while the lowest FGF expression was in the negative control group (G1). It is concluded that Aloe vera L. extract gel at 5% + 2% metabisulfite (G7) significantly enhances the expression of FGF. Keywords: Aloe vera L, Fibroblast growth factor, Incision wound, Skin, Sodium metabisulfite

It is well-established that apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation are associated with several disorders, including chronic renal disease and hepatic disease. Oxidative stress (OS) is a major cause of death from end-stage renal disease which also contributes to atherosclerosis and cardiac issues. The present study aimed to assess the efficacy of Gum Arabic (GA) in mitigating renal damage and hepatotoxicity in rats induced by Chloropyrifos-methyl (CPM). A total of 42 male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups, with four groups (group 2 [IC], group 5 [GA1+IC]a, group 6 [GA2+IC], and group 7 [GA1+IC]b treated with CPM for eight weeks to induce hepatic and renal damage. Two models of GA administration, including the standard oral model in drinking water (15% w/v) and the oral model by gavage at a dose of 1 g/kg body weight were administered. Physiological parameters of kidney and liver functions, including urea, creatinine, AST, and ALT along with anti-oxidant factors (Melaodialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione, and catalase) were measured in plasma, and homogenates of renal and hepatic tissues on day 57 of the experiment. In addition, histopathological examination was conducted on liver and kidney tissues using hematoxylin and eosin stain to evaluate the efficacy of GA on damaged tissues. Gum Arabic was found to significantly reduce CPM toxic effects in the liver and kidney in groups treated with CPM as liver and kidney parameters were reduced to normal levels. Furthermore, GA reduced histological indicators of inflammation, fibrosis, and apoptosis, as well as renal morphological damage. Additionally, it reduced OS in liver and kidney homogenates. In conclusion, GA effectively reduced the damage that CPM inflicted on liver and kidney tissue by stabilizing physiological parameters to normal levels and repairing cellular structures damaged by OS. Keywords: Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Gum Arabic, Kidney, Liver, Oxidative stress

Antibiotics are natural, semi-synthetic, or chemical compounds that have anti-microbial activity and are used in livestock and poultry production for a variety of reasons, including therapeutic and growth promotion. The use of antibiotics in poultry production has been associated with the development of resistant bacteria. The present study attempted to explain the role of antibiotics as poultry growth promoters, bacterial resistance, and risks for human health, with a special focus on some selected bacterial species isolated from poultry farms and products. Furthermore, the manuscript reviewed the literature on alternative feed additives to reduce the reliance on antibiotics. Microbial resistance is a significant global health concern that has been a top global threat in the 21st century. The use of antibiotics in poultry production as non-therapeutic or growth promoters is at low doses and continuously, associated with developing resistant bacteria. Meanwhile, antibiotic-resistant genes in humans may have their roots in the diets of animals treated with antibiotics. Developing bacterial resistance has encouraged researchers to reduce the reliance on antibiotics by identifying potential feed additives, such as essential oils, bacteriophages, antimicrobial peptides, probiotics, prebiotics, organic acid, and enzymes that improve the immune system functions, reduce morbidity and mortality, improve the growth performances of poultry, and preserve consumer health.