This research aims to analyze the depositors of funds’ legal protection in MFI through the existence of the Deposit Insurance Corporation. This legal research uses a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The establishment of a Deposit Insurance Corporation in Microfinance Institutions has been mandated since 2013 in the Microfinace Institutions act which aims to guarantee the deposits of MFI members and communities, but until the promulgation of the Financial Sector Development and Strengthening Act has not been formed. Provisions on preventive protection for depositors of funds in MFI even though they have been regulated in the Microfinance Institutions Act, the Financial Sector Development and Strengthening Act as well as POJK 10/2021 and POJK 19/2021, however the existence of the Deposit Insurance Corporation at Microfinance Institutions is still needed as the existence of the Deposit Insurance Corporation that guarantees deposits at banks. The existence of a Deposit Insurance Corporation in Microfinance Institutions is very important in order to ensure the payment of deposits from members and the public if the Microfinance Institution is revoked its license by the Financial Services Authority and to maintain the trust of members and the public. Due to the lack of position the depositor of funds in Microfinance Institutions is only a concurrent creditor so that potentially deposits are not fully paid.

Trial mechanism as the only procedure in resolving election administrative violations is a mechanism that is not in accordance with the concept of law enforcement in administrative law that uses not only the trial mechanism but also direct sanctions. Therefore, the concept of law enforcement in these violations needs to be redesigned, to be in line with the administrative law and be more effective and easier to implement. This study examined the concept of law enforcement in administrative law as a conceptual and theoretical basis in redesigning the concept of law enforcement in election administrative violations. It used legal research methods with statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches. The results of this study recommend a new concept in resolving election administrative violations by looking at the legal subjects who commit violations and the characteristics of the violations. For the violations committed by non-officials, the law enforcement is sufficient to use direct sanctions. Meanwhile, for the violations committed by officials, if they cause direct losses, it must use a trial mechanism. But, if the violation is only limited to non-compliance with the legislation and does not cause harm to anyone, direct sanctions can be executed. Hence, it is necessary to change the mechanism for resolving election administrative violations as stipulated in the Election Law.

Indonesia has been trying to develop democracy since the early independence. Assignment of the head of the region conducted from 1945 to 1999. After the big reformation in 1999, which started in 2004, Indonesia started a new chapter with the direct election model for regional heads. This research tries to find the philosophy of Indonesia’s choice to select its regional leader according to the law provided. The research is normative research with a conceptual and comparative approach. The results show that the election of regional leaders in Indonesia has not always been in line with the sovereignty of the people and the concept of democracy. Political choice has had a very significant impact. However, as it turns out into practice, as an emerging country in South East Asia, even though an assignment and not by the general election, leaders or regional heads are also considered as democratic as long as it is still on the path of openness, fair game and also according to people’s approval, including if it comes from the regional representative’s choice of candidates.

Law and morals are related as an ideal value in the formation of law, because morals are considered universal values ​​that should ideally characterize every legal formation, with the hope that morality in the law can produce good behavior for legal subjects and objects. These morals and laws are in our administrative law, in this case the executive. The problem that is difficult to solve is the problem of corruption, where the act is legally and morally not good or wrong. Anti-corruption regulations are in place and the establishment of the Corruption Eradication Commission reveals that the problem of corruption in our country is not resolved and is even more systematic. Ideally, with the advancement of civilization and the strengthening of moral values ​​as the basis for rules, corruption will decrease to its lowest point from year to year as a government develops. Then, if this law represents a moral value, then the court decision, which is the law, can also contain moral values. As an example also regarding court decisions by state administration officials that are not implemented voluntarily, this can be equated with blatant disobedience to the law making state administration officials arrogant. Normative juridical analysis used in research includes legal and regulatory theory. Therefore, in order to achieve conformity regarding the morals and behavior of state officials in carrying out their duties, there is a close connection between the bad morals of state officials and behavior that violates the law. The good morals of state officials will make the behavior of state officials high and far from breaking the law.

According to Article 33 of the 1945 Structure, oil and gas have the potential to greatly influence state and revenue generation sources, thereby realizing societal welfare and economic prosperity. For this reason, oil and gas have a crucial and strategic position among natural resources. As a result, a specialized work group for exploration and production (E&P) was established through the enactment of Oil and Gas Law Number 22, 2001. This organization is in charge of supervising all exploration and production-related operations. In accordance with Presidential Regulation No. 12, 2021, Procedural Instruction 007, 2017, exploration and production builders carry out the rig procurement procedure to rig providers builders with their proposal Owner Estimate's worth. There are conflicting interpretations and discrepancies in the Owner Estimate instruction problem for upstream exploration and production (E&P). Concerns pertaining to areas of law positivism that Owner Estimate provides may or may not be secret in the process. It allows for collusion during the purchasing procedure. Normative juridical analysis is used in the research to make Owner Estimates of Value and to cover regulation. Therefore, in order to achieve conformity with the agreement principle and legal certainty, it is required to alter the President's Regulation and the Summary of Procedural Instruction. In order for the specialized work group for exploration and production (E&P), the E&P builders, and the rig providers to execute upstream business flawlessly and optimally to support communal welfare, the regulation's evaluation will support legal clarity, ability, and persuasiveness.

Comparing the disclosure of public information regarding the dissemination and publication to the public of newly enacted rules, setting Indonesia and the Netherlands as parameters is interesting as the legal cultures of both countries are intertwined and legal perspectives are constantly evolving. Despite differences in the rule of law, both countries have similar regulatory frameworks. This research uses a normative juridical writing method with a literature study to analyze the relationship between good governance and public information disclosure, including definitions, indicators, objectives, and important factors that influence the concept. The aim is to serve as a comparison parameter for a more efficient information disclosure mechanism. In Indonesia, the role of DPRDs is closely related to the issue of public information disclosure, as DPRDs have a dominant role in authority. Meanwhile, in the Netherlands, the local government takes the lead in setting regulations. Nonetheless, both countries emphasize the importance of checks and balances through the establishment of RvD and KIP, to oversee and integrate the aspirations of the community. The results of this study suggest that public information disclosure is important in both Indonesia and the Netherlands, as demonstrated by regulations that prioritize transparency, accountability, public participation, responsiveness, and the rule of law in governance. This commitment to openness aims to bridge the gap between public expectations and government actions. And in conclusion, the harmony between the process of forming regulations involving the DPRD as a representative of the people's voice and information disclosure is interrelated in public services towards the achievement of good governance.

Zakat is primarily an economic instrument used to achieve socio-economic justice. This goal can be accomplished if management is done properly and correctly. The purpose of this article is to analyze the legal policy of zakat management with the model of the voluntary system and its implications for the realization of social and economic justice in the community. This research is normative legal research with primary legal sources in the form of laws and regulations related to zakat management legal policies, which are then analyzed descriptively and qualitatively. According to the findings of the study, the legal policy of zakat management with a voluntary system model is based on the principle of community volunteerism in zakat payment. This voluntary system model is heavily reliant on public legal awareness regarding zakat payment. The use of the voluntary system model has consequences for the community's non-optimal fulfillment of social and economic justice, which is caused by a lack of state involvement through legal policies. The state's role is required to enforce the zakat law by compelling zakat obligors to fulfill their obligations. On the other hand, the potential for zakat remains enormous, and it must be managed optimally.

The enactment of Israeli policy on the occupied Palestinian territory has shown the development of the annexation of Israel—from the “de facto” annexation, which seized and occupied the Palestinian territory, to “de jure” annexation by enacting legislations. The dispute between these two entities arises the question of the role of international law, including the position of international law in protecting the right to self-determination and sovereignty of the annexed Palestinian territory. Hence, it is crucial to understand the Israeli practice in the matter of territorial annexation to picture the legal framework provided under international law regarding such issue, within the historical and legal context of the Palestinian case. This research argues that the international law is ambivalent. While many United Nations resolutions and legal scholars, including the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice, have concluded the wrongfulness of the annexation of the Palestinian territory, the recognitions of other states and the difficulty in requesting state responsibility disable the access of Palestinians to justice. As such, it is necessary to focus on the tools provided by the international criminal law to prosecute war criminals and perpetrators of crimes against humanity against the Palestinian people from the Israeli political and military elites.

The state guarantees welfare for its people, including domestic servants who are guaranteed constitutional rights. However, in statutory regulations, guarantees for legal protection do not apply to domestic workers who work in the informal sector, while domestic workers who work in the formal sector get guaranteed legal protection, as stated in Law No. 11 of 2020 regarding the employment creation cluster. Techniques implemented in research in the form of presentation of concepts, theories and arguments that are useful in studying and analyzing phenomena that occur based on applicable regulations are called normative juridical techniques. Regulations on employment relations norms that place more importance on economic liberalization are listed in Article 1 paragraph 15 and Article 50, where these articles are also the cause of the legal blurring of norms contained in Article 1 paragraph 3. A domestic worker needs a guarantee of legal protection because he has a weak position. The issue of vague norms (vague of norms) contained in Article 1 paragraph 3 is caused by inconsistencies between Article 1 paragraph 15 and Article 1 paragraph 3 and the article that strengthens it, namely article 50, which should implicitly apply to domestic workers.

In Malaysia, social enterprises (SEs) are still in their infancy, but they are growing in popularity as more people become aware of the beneficial effects on local communities. SEs in Malaysia are business models that combine the aspects of both non-profit and commercial entities to achieve social or environmental objectives. Business organizations, such as partnerships, corporations, and limited liability partnerships, are used to operate SEs because there is no specific legal entity for SEs in Malaysia. From a Malaysian perspective, tax-exempt status is one of the main challenges encountered by Malaysian social entrepreneurs. Despite the government’s efforts to recognize SEs, the problem of taxation for SE has not been resolved because SE still must pay taxes in a manner similar to that of commercial entities. This study aims to provide tax benefits to SE in Malaysia. Although Malaysia revised its laws and accredited SEs, no tax exemption has been provided exclusively for SEs. SEs contributions are meant to improve social welfare, but SEs are not exempt from taxes, such as charitable organizations. SEs business methods and organizational structures, which are comparable to those of commercial companies, lead to the conclusion that SEs are comparable to commercial organizations. The research concludes that by introducing tax exemptions permanently for SEs in Malaysia, customers can benefit from supporting businesses that align with their values, while SEs can benefit from increased support and growth opportunities. Governments can also benefit from a stronger economy and increased social and environmental impacts, making this an attractive policy option for Malaysian society.