Our study investigates domestic gardening in a comprehensive framework exploring different factors that contribute to the practice such as motivation and interest balanced against the environmental challenges. An online questionnaire was filled in by 965 persons for 60 days and distributed in many locations in Kuwait. An ArcMap was utilized to understand the distribution of respondents. We found that most of the respondents have home gardens and enjoy being around green spaces, and this in turn has affected their mood and positive feelings. The challenges associated with home gardening in Kuwait, with dry and degraded soil, were not discouraging factors for domestic gardening. Interestingly, a new significant pattern of gardening where individuals cultivated their gardens and used them to produce food amounting to 58% of their own consumption. Our finding led to better understanding of food-sufficiency on an individual level. Domestic gardening is a key player in food security and requires more attention.

This study seeks to shed light on a widely discussed contemporary social issue in Jordan, which has presented itself repeatedly in each round of elections to the Jordanian Parliament in the period 1989-2020. Although the Jordanian women's right to participate in the fabric of political life of the state is well-established and enshrined in legislation and government backing, support for their election to Parliament among the public remains consistently low. This study is an attempt to explain the persistent paradox between a low rate of female candidate access to Parliament beyond their legally assigned quota and their levels of achievement in all spheres of progress, democratization and development in Jordan. In doing so, the authors investigate their chosen research topic through a detailed statistical prism and analysis of questionnaires distributed among 270 female respondents affiliated with political parties. Such analysis revolves around two core problematic parameters: modernizing the political system in Jordan and the role of social support.

Due to its geographical location in the southern Mediterranean, Algeria, like other countries, suffers from water scarcity that increases year after year, as it is characterized by its semi-arid and arid climate. The city of Djelfa is considered the most important urban population center in the central steppes (accelerated urban growth and an increase in population), where the increasing demands for water have become a challenge for the concerned authorities. The steppes have various surface and groundwater resources, as the hydrographic network is very simple and the flow is intermittent due to the growing phenomenon of drought. In addition to this, rainfall is limited in the winter and non-existent in summer, with moderate and varying amounts falling in the fall and spring seasons. The region also depends mainly on managing its water needs using groundwater resources. Achieving these resources and exploiting them in a sustainable manner is considered the most important step forward and the greatest challenge for actors over the medium and long term, while preserving the steppe environment with all its fragile components. Controlling supply and demand is also viewed as an essential element in the social and economic balance, as it enables us to overcome the state of water scarcity in a way that ensures water saturation. The increasing needs of various uses (domestic, institutional and industrial) are crucial.

In recent decades, cellular automata (CA) have become popular for evaluating and forecasting urban transformation over time and space. In this paper, we explore the simulation of urban growth using cellular automata applied to the case of Algiers, the capital of Algeria. Our model of urban growth takes in consideration the population density, industrial and the weather conditions. The model was calibrated by comparison with results of previous maps on the basis of observation data for the years 2000 and 2014. This work is intended to provide a basis for simulation tools at the disposal of geographers and policy makers.

Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) is a serious public health problem. The main causes have not yet been precisely detected. This work aims to map the AIV vulnerability based on the geographical relationships between environmental key factors and the vulnerability axis. Modeling the different predictors of AIV vulnerability is very important because the rate of contamination increases with the availability of suitable conditions. We deduced a statistical model from the geographically weighted regression results to predict the vulnerability of AIV through the district of Batna as a function of Six environmental variables (slaughterhouses, normalized difference of vegetation index, slope, temperatures, markets, and road density) and indicates that the vulnerability is highest in the Central and Eastern municipalities with more than 61% of the total area at medium or high AIV vulnerability. These results represent a modest contribution that may open a new path for environment-epidemiology relationships and associated geo-analytical databases.

Visualizing political culture is a major objective of states. These efforts include, for example, organizing holiday events, constructing monuments and issuing postage stamps. Stamps are visual products that are designed to inform the observer about the state’s place in a regional and global context historically and today. Maps play an important role in these visual efforts. We examine the map stamps issued by the 22 Arab League members, looking at total numbers, topics and themes. Almost 1 100 map stamps have been issued, most since 1960. The leaders in numbers issued range from 75+ each for Iraq, Egypt, Djibouti, Libya and Syria to <30 each for Kuwait, Sudan, UAE, Somalia, Lebanon and Yemen. Map themes also vary by country. Some mostly issued stamps with national themes; others were more international (Mauritania, Morocco, Tanzania and Tunisia). Some issued stamps with maps of Palestine (Algeria, Iraq, Libya, Palestine, Saudi Arabia and Syria), the Deir Yassin massacre (Egypt, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia), regional themes such as explorers (Djibouti), popes (Tunisia), COVID-19 (Oman), a Japanese exposition (Comoros Islands), and the U.S. bicentennial (Morocco). Subsequent research could focus on the designers and producers of stamps, or changes in topics or regions over the past 40 years.

The Arabian Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries including Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, and Oman have developed rapidly since the second half of the 20 th century, due to the increase of oil and gas revenues. The governments invested in major projects, which aimed at building the countries’ infrastructure, economy, and people. The GCC countries completely transitioned from traditional into advanced societies reaching high levels on the Human Development Index. Such development has contributed to fertility declines. In 1995, fertility rates were very high with 6.5 children per woman in Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and Oman, but in 2022 fertility rates declined threefold among them to less than 2 children per woman in all the GCC countries except Saudi Arabia (2.4) and Oman (2.7). The main objective of the research is to show the effect of some socio-economic factors on the decline in fertility rates of the GCC countries using historical and topical approaches. In addition, analytical techniques are used to analyze two questionnaires conducted in 2005 and 2020 to determine the effects of socioeconomic factors such as marital age, education, work status, and income on declining fertility in the United Arab Emirates.

This study will focus on the challenges that international law must face to identify and rebuild states that are considered as failed. How can failed states be restored to the status of successful ones, which is a misguided approach when it is known that they never had success? For international law, indicators should be available to identify failures and to identify states threatened by them. The UN has acquired a certain experience in this matter but lacks proper means for dealing with such challenges. It was able to define integrated strategies of nation- building and state-building, with the help of regional organizations, specialized institutions, NGOs, and the states concerned. This essay raises the question of the position of international law regarding the existence of this concept. It adopts an analysis that assesses the legal implications of failed states, for the state itself and for the international community as well. As a result, the concept of failed states is not accepted by all scholars in international law. For some authors it is inappropriate, harmful; it is damaging for the image of the state as a member of international community which is composed of a territory, population, and a political authority and enjoys sovereignty. To avoid legal implications, some scholars argue that it is better to use other terms, such as ‘fragile state’, ‘state in crisis’ and ‘failed government’ to designate this highly important subject in international law.

Urban environments are made up of several interconnected components to form a content and a container capable of contributing to the functioning of the city. It has been observed that these components can be different but coexist willy-nilly to the detriment of the urban living environment and the functional balance of the city. Nevertheless, when it comes to industrial activities at risk, the consequences with regard to several types of pollution (air, noise, waste, etc.) no longer need to be demonstrated. It is obvious that the city cannot combine industrial activities with residential functions within a framework of sustainable development. It must constitute a safe and healthy ecosystem for residents. To address this issue, several questions need to be asked: Is the deindustrialization of cities feasible? How much does the industrial relocation operation cost? Who are the actors involved in this operation?