Flow Algorithm Research Articles (Page 4)

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as drones, offer unprecedented flexibility for complex missions such as area surveillance, search and rescue, and cooperative inspection. This paper presents a unified evaluation framework for the comparison of centralized and distributed task allocation algorithms specifically tailored to multi-UAV operations. We first contextualize the classical assignment problem (AP) under UAV mission constraints, including the flight time, propulsion energy capacity, and communication range, and evaluate optimal one-to-one solvers including the Hungarian algorithm, the Bertsekas ϵ-auction algorithm, and a minimum cost maximum flow formulation. To reflect the dynamic, uncertain environments that UAV fleets encounter, we extend our analysis to distributed multi-UAV task allocation (MUTA) methods. In particular, we examine the consensus-based bundle algorithm (CBBA) and a distributed auction 2-opt refinement strategy, both of which iteratively negotiate task bundles across UAVs to accommodate real-time task arrivals and intermittent connectivity. Finally, we outline how reinforcement learning (RL) can be incorporated to learn adaptive policies that balance energy efficiency and mission success under varying wind conditions and obstacle fields. Through simulations incorporating UAV-specific cost models and communication topologies, we assess each algorithm’s mission completion time, total energy expenditure, communication overhead, and resilience to UAV failures. Our results highlight the trade-off between strict optimality, which is suitable for small fleets in static scenarios, and scalable, robust coordination, necessary for large, dynamic multi-UAV deployments.

Background/Objectives: Liquid biopsy is a minimally invasive alternative to tissue biopsy and is used to obtain information about a disease from a blood sample or other body fluids. In the context of cancer, circulating tumor cells (CTC) can be used as biomarkers to determine the nature of the tumor, its stage of progression, and the efficiency of the administered therapy through monitoring. However, the low concentration of CTCs in blood (1-10 cells/mL) is a challenge for their isolation. Therefore, a minimally invasive medical device (BMProbe™) was developed that isolates CTCs via antigen-antibody binding directly from the bloodstream. Current investigations focus on the process of detaching bound cells from the BMProbe™ surface for cell cultivation and subsequent drug testing to enable personalized therapy planning. Methods: This article presents two approaches for detaching LNCaP cells from anti-EpCAM coated BMProbes™: enzymatic detachment using TrypLE™ and detachment through enzymatic pretreatment with supplementary flow-induced shear stress. The additional shear stress is intended to increase the detachment efficiency. To determine the flow rate required to gently detach the cells, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was carried out. Results: The experimental test results demonstrate that 91% of the bound cells can be detached enzymatically within 10 min. Based on the simulation, a maximum flow rate of 47.76 mL/min was defined in the flow detachment system, causing an average shear stress of 8.4 Pa at the probe edges. The additional flow treatment did not increase the CTC detachment efficiency. Conclusions: It is feasible that the detachment efficiency can be further increased by a longer enzymatic incubation time or higher shear stress. The influence on the integrity and viability of cells must, however, be considered.

The vertex connectivity of an m -edge n -vertex undirected graph is the smallest number of vertices whose removal disconnects the graph or leaves only a singleton vertex. In 1974, Aho Hopcroft and Ullman asked if vertex connectivity can be computed in linear time. Despite the substantial effort in the past five decades, the best-known running time is \(\tilde{O}(mn)\) by Henzinger-Rao-Gabow (FOCS 1996). Indeed, no algorithm with an o ( mn ) running time is known even if we assume a linear-time max-flow algorithm. In this article, we give an affirmative answer to this long-standing open problem (up to a sub-polynomial factor). We present a randomized reduction from the vertex connectivity problem to the max-flow problem which incurs only a poly-logarithmic overhead in runtime. Using this reduction, we can solve vertex connectivity in almost linear time by using the celebrated almost-linear-time max-flow algorithms by Chen-Kyng-Liu-Peng-Probst Gutenberg-Sachdeva (FOCS 2022) and Brand-Chen-Kyng-Liu-Peng-Probst Gutenberg-Sachdeva-Sidford (FOCS 2023). Using our new techniques, we also obtain an algorithm for directed vertex connectivity with a running time of n 2 + o (1) time which improves the best-known bound of \(\tilde{O}(mn)\) by Henzinger-Rao-Gabow (FOCS 1996).

Strong gravitational lensing is a powerful tool for probing the nature of dark matter, as lensing signals are sensitive to the dark matter substructure within the lensing galaxy. We present a comparative analysis of strong gravitational lensing signatures generated by dark matter subhalo populations using two different approaches. The first approach models subhalos using an empirical model, while the second employs the Galacticus semi-analytic model of subhalo evolution. To date, only empirical approaches have been practical in the analysis of lensing systems, as incorporating fully physical models was computationally infeasible. To circumvent this, we utilize a generative machine learning algorithm, known as a normalizing flow, to learn and reproduce the subhalo populations generated by Galacticus. We demonstrate that the normalizing flow algorithm accurately reproduces the Galacticus subhalo distribution while significantly reducing computation time compared to direct simulation. Moreover, we find that subhalo populations from Galacticus produce comparable results to the empirical model in replicating observed lensing signals under the fiducial dark matter model. This work highlights the potential of machine learning techniques in accelerating astrophysical simulations and improving model comparisons of dark matter properties.

Ambulatory oxygen therapy is prescribed for patients with chronic lung diseases who experience exertional hypoxemia. However, available devices may not adequately meet user requirements, and their performance characteristics are heterogeneous. This study aims to identify devices available for delivery of ambulatory oxygen therapy, the technologies that they use to generate oxygen, the performance characteristics of each device, and the development status. We used medical and engineering databases to identify peer-reviewed papers (eg, MEDLINE, IEEE). Gray literature was used to identify additional descriptions of ambulatory oxygen devices in military medicine, space exploration, or patents. The last search was conducted in September 2025. Documents that described a device that can deliver oxygen in an ambulatory context (defined as weighing less than 10 kg) and were written in English were included. Search results were screened for inclusion by 2 independent reviewers. Data were synthesized by descriptively mapping the performance of each product, the technology used, and the development status of emerging technologies. From 9702 records identified, a total of 166 met eligibility criteria (106 scientific publications and 60 gray literature). We identified 33 portable oxygen concentrators (POCs; 29 commercially available), 10 oxygen cylinders, and 6 portable liquid oxygen (LOX) devices. The POC products showed a trade-off between portability and oxygen delivery capacity (maximum flow rate ranging from 2.0 to 6.0 L/min; device weight ranging from 1.0 to 9.1 kg). Pressure swing adsorption with zeolite was the most common oxygen generation technology in POCs on the market. The mean maximum continuous operating time of POCs was 3.8 hours. Two prototype POCs (maximum flow rate of 4-6 L/min and device weight of 8-9 kg) were developed for space exploration using modified adsorbents. LOX devices were the lightest and had the longest continuous operating time. Innovations in delivery included the downsizing of a POC by using nanozeolite as an adsorbent and pulse oximeter oxygen saturation (SpO2)-targeted automatic titration of oxygen delivery based on the user's SpO2. This scoping review is the first study to integrate medical, engineering, and gray literature on ambulatory oxygen devices and their development. Although prior literature has narratively explained the products and technologies, no previous research has systematically investigated them. This review showed that POCs available to consumers may not meet the needs of patients in terms of flow rate, portability, and operating time. LOX devices offered superior performance but are limited by high costs. Limitations of this review include the difficulty of comparing product performance across oxygen delivery settings and that the records were largely obtained from English-language sources. Innovation in ambulatory oxygen technology has been limited over the past decade, highlighting urgent need for research and development of new lightweight devices with higher oxygen delivery. OSF Registries 10.17605/OSF.IO/QS7FX; https://osf.io/qs7fx.

BackgroundMost studies have analyzed the urodynamic characteristics of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA) using conventional urodynamic studies.ObjectivesThis study investigated the urodynamic characteristics of both diseases using video urodynamic study (VUDS).MethodsVUDS results from November 2004 to September 2020 were retrospectively analyzed at Seoul National University Hospital. The VUDS findings in patients with PD and those with MSA were compared. Movement disorder specialists diagnosed patients with PD and MSA.ResultsA total of 709 patients, comprising 364 PD (260 men, 104 women) and 345 MSA (215 men, 130 women) cases, were identified. Patients with MSA had a significantly younger age at onset, lower maximum flow rate (Qmax), larger postvoid residual volume, higher rate of poor bladder compliance, higher prevalence of urinary incontinence, and lower detrusor pressure at Qmax than those with PD. Among the fluoroscopic findings of VUDS, patients with MSA had a higher rate of incompetent bladder neck (18.8% vs. 4.7%, P < 0.001), bladder trabeculation (33.0% vs. 17.0%, P < 0.001), and vesicoureteral reflux (2.9% vs. 0.5%, P = 0.019) than those with PD. In VUDS performed in patients without urinary incontinence in conventional urodynamic study, an incompetent bladder neck was found in 14.6% of patients with MSA and 3.3% of patients with PD (P < 0.001).ConclusionsOur results demonstrate that VUDS can provide additional information on bladder urethral dysfunction, particularly regarding the risk of upper urinary tract damage and bladder neck status in patients with PD and MSA.

A circular ferrofluidic micropump for biomedical applications is proposed comprising two ferrofluidic plugs contained within a PMMA (Polymethyl-Methacrylate) microchannel and driven by a rotating stepping motor. Orthogonal and tangent-type micropumps are developed. The circular ferrofluidic micropump chip is patterned using a commercially-available CO2 laser scriber. The operation of the micropump relies on the use of magnetically-actuated ferrofluidic plugs. The ferrofluid contacts the pumped fluid but is immiscible with it. The flow rate in the two types of proposed devices can be easily controlled by adjusting the rotational velocity of the stepping motor. Results show that a maximum flow rate of 128 μl/min is obtained using the tangent-type micropump with a channel width of 1000 μm and a rotational velocity of 10 rpm with zero pressure head.

Purpose: The aim of this study was an exploration of the multiscale vibratory response of the spine following orthopedic surgery in patients with idiopathic scoliosis and postoperative traumatic fatigue injury. Methods: In this paper, the postoperative macroscopic spine model in the modal, time and frequency domains to obtain the vibration response of the patient's entire spine were analyzed. Subsequently, the stresses in the cortical bone mesoscopic bone units around the surgically damaged interface were calculated using submodeling algorithms. The pore stresses and pore flow velocities of the osteocytes were then derived from the stresses of the mesoscopic bone units to predict fatigue damage at the fusion surface. Results: The findings indicated that the first three orders of intrinsic frequency exerted the most significant influence on the spine model. The maximum stress of the bone unit was observed at the X3 bone plate on the left side of the fusion surface, and the maximum pore pressure and flow velocity of the bone cells occurred at the X4 on the right side of the fusion surface. The medical implants used in spinal orthopedics, titanium cages and pedicle nails, change the mobility of the adjacent segments and also create a stress shielding effect that impacts the fusion of bone tissues. Conclusions: Microscopic bone cell synapses experience greater pore pressures and pore flow velocities in the vibration environment compared to those under the static environment, which may promote cell growth. Vibration at low loads typically does not induce fatigue damage to cancellous bone at the fusion surface of medical implants.

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the patency outcomes and complication rates associated with open perineal versus robot-assisted vesicourethral anastomosis reconstruction techniques. A retrospective review was conducted of patients who underwent vesicourethral anastomosis reconstruction between July 2017 and January 2024. Data collected included demographic characteristics, prior endoscopic treatment, history of radiotherapy, incontinence status, operative details, and postoperative outcomes. Patency was defined as successful passage of a 16 French cystoscope or a maximum urinary flow rate exceeding 15 mL/s. The incidence of de novo incontinence and complications was also evaluated. This study included 28 patients (open perineal vesicourethral anastomosis reconstruction, n = 18; robot-assisted vesicourethral anastomosis reconstruction, n = 10). The median age was 67 years in both groups (p = 0.524). The median operation time was comparable (120 vs. 150min, p = 0.175); however, the robot-assisted group experienced significantly reduced blood loss and shorter hospital stay (100 vs. 200 mL, p = 0.001; and 3 vs. 4 days, p = 0.001, respectively). Patency rates were similar between groups (77.8% vs. 80.0%, p = 0.944). The rate of de novo incontinence was significantly lower in the robot-assisted group (16.6% vs. 100%, p = 0.031). Patients with a history of pelvic radiotherapy and preoperative incontinence had higher rates of patency failure (p = 0.007 and p = 0.041, respectively). Postoperative complications were comparable between the groups (p = 0.724); however, patients with patency failure experienced higher complication rates than those without (p = 0.001). Open and robot-assisted vesicourethral anastomosis reconstruction techniques achieved similar patency rates. Nevertheless, the robot-assisted approach offers several advantages, including reduced blood loss, shorter hospitalization, and lower rates of de novo incontinence. A history of pelvic radiotherapy, preoperative incontinence, and postoperative complications were associated with patency failure.

ABSTRACT Nappe flow over stepped spillways is in the form of passing flow over consecutive vertical drops. It is expected that there is a relationship between the hydraulics of the flow over a vertical drop and stepped spillways in the nappe flow regime. In this study, experiments were conducted on vertical drops. The energy dissipation equation for vertical drops was obtained and then generalized for stepped spillways. Next, the energy dissipation over stepped spillways in the nappe flow regime was compared with the results of other researchers. The results showed that the application of the depth before the hydraulic jump yields a larger energy dissipation value. As the discharge increases, the difference between the energy dissipation of the flow using the depth before and after the hydraulic jump increases (about 19.5% at maximum flow). At the depth before the hydraulic jump, many air bubbles enter the flow, and the measured depth includes the water depth and air bubbles. The equation obtained in this study can estimate the energy loss of the flow over stepped spillways with a nappe flow regime with reasonable accuracy.

While the ideal catheterisation time following augmentation urethroplasty is unknown, there is emerging evidence of comparable long-term results of decreasing it in male urethroplasties. This has not been studied in females. Prolonged catheterisation leads to increased patient discomfort and catheter-related urinary-tract-infections (CAUTI). We attempted to study the feasibility and efficacy of catheter removal on the seventh postoperative day following ventral inlay buccal mucosal graft urethroplasty (VI BMGU) for female urethral stricture (FUS). This was a single-centre, prospective observational pilot study conducted between May 2023 and July 2024. [Ethics committee approval: T/IM-NF/Uro/22/177; Clinical Trials Registry of India: CTRI/2023/05/066957]. Consenting females undergoing VI BMGU for FUS were included. The primary objective was success rate at a minimum follow-up of 6 months, while secondary objectives were a comparison of the American-Urological-Association (AUA) symptom score, maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax) and Postvoid Residual volume (PVR) and CAUTI rate per 1000 urinary catheter days. Twenty three patients were recruited, and 22 were included in the final analysis with a median follow up of 12 (9-15) months. There were three recurrences, with an estimated success rate of 84% at 18 months. Compared to preoperative parameters, there were significant improvements in median AUA scores, Qmax and PVR. The CAUTI rate per 1000 urinary catheter days was calculated at 12.42. Catheter removal on day seven following VI BMGU is a safe and effective strategy offering durable outcomes while reducing the risks associated with prolonged catheterisation. Larger randomised studies are warranted with a comparison of different surgical techniques.

This study aimed to assess the intra- and inter-tester repeatability of voiding sonography measures in asymptomatic women and to examine the effect of perineal transducer placement on uroflowmetry. A prospective observational study of 32 asymptomatic women was conducted using ultrasound with simultaneous uroflowmetry. Participants completed four voids (two per day). The ultrasound transducer placed on the perineum assessed bladder neck and urethral displacement during micturition. On Day 1, a void with ultrasound and uroflow recorded by a sonographer was compared to a void recorded with uroflowmetry only to determine whether the transducer placement affected voiding. On Day 2, two sonographers evaluated the voids with ultrasound and uroflowmetry. Each sonographer measured their own images. One sonographer also made measures on the images recorded by the second sonographer. Uroflowmetry measures and void patterns were evaluated. The repeatability of ultrasound measures was analyzed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC 2,1) and Bland-Altman analysis, and t tests examined the transducer's impact on uroflowmetry. Some changes in flow rate and flow pattern (20% of participants) were observed with placement of the transducer. Most sonographic measures showed good to excellent inter- and intra-tester repeatability, and between measures made by the different testers on the same image. During void, bladder neck and urethral diameter were more repeatable if measures were made at the time of maximum flow estimated from the simultaneous uroflowmetry. Voiding sonography is both feasible and repeatable. Perineal transducer placement affected micturition for some individuals. Voiding sonography combined with uroflowmetry shows promise for a noninvasive urogynecology functional assessment.

Inspired by the low-noise characteristics of the eagle-owl nocturnal flight, two novel designs for blades of the voluteless centrifugal fan are proposed to improve the aerodynamic performance and reduce the noise. A serrated structure inspired by the eagle-owl wingtips at the trailing edge is adopted to design and optimize the blade. Based on the computational fluid dynamics methods and the Ffowcs Williams–Hawkings equation, the impact of the serrated leading and trailing edges on the aerodynamic performance and acoustic characteristics of a fan is investigated. The optimal geometric parameters of the bionic sawtooth are determined. Subsequently, a comprehensive comparison of the flow characteristics and noise spectra among the fan with the original blade (OBLE), the serrated leading-edge blade (SLBE), and the serrated trailing-edge blade (STBE) is conducted, revealing the control mechanism of the SLBE and STBE on the flow properties and noise optimization principles. Results demonstrate that the SLBE fan not only mitigates pressure fluctuations and optimizes vortices but also increases the maximum flow rate by 1.76%. Although the STBE fan also optimizes pressure and vortices, its efficiency slightly decreases due to reduced blade lift. However, the STBE fan achieves outstanding noise suppression, reducing the sound pressure level (SPL) by 6.42 dB compared to the OBLE fan. While the SLBE fan yields a limited SPL reduction of only 1.97 dB. Additionally, the noise energy shift at 1364 Hz demonstrates frequency modulation caused by the serrations. The blade trailing edge is identified as the primary noise source, and the STBE fan significantly attenuates broadband and tonal noise by optimizing the airflow disturbance suppression at the impeller outlet. These findings validate the feasibility of using biomimetic serrated designs to optimize the performance of voluteless centrifugal fans.

Abstract Accurate cloud motion vector retrieval in multi‐layer clouds faces persistent challenges due to ambiguous height assignment. We developed a novel overlapped cloud motion vectors (OCMVs) retrieval method using Himawari‐8 observations. Multi‐layer cloud top heights (CTHs) were retrieved based on multi‐spectral radiance using neural networks and were assigned to upper ice and lower water cloud layers. Subsequently, CTHs from the two layers were used as respective tracers for deriving OCMVs based on the optical flow algorithm. Applied to Typhoon Mulan (2022), OCMVs showed strong vertical wind shear within the inner region, further depicting the kinematic structure of Typhoon Mulan. The vortex center of lower water OCMVs provided more valuable information on determining typhoon center than that of single‐layer CMVs. Additionally, the OCMVs demonstrated good consistency with dropsonde observations, exhibiting Root‐Mean‐Square‐Errors (RMSEs) of wind direction at ∼18.5°and wind speed at ∼5.2 m/s.

ABSTRACTThe position of vegetation patches has a considerable impact on river flow structure and geomorphology. The influence of vegetation patch orientation in the form of an angled position along the side by the dike wall, notably on the subsequent flow characteristics and turbulence, was computationally investigated in the present research work. Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations were adopted for turbulence modelling, and tetrahedral meshing was adopted for measuring the accurate flow phenomenon around the vegetation patch by using 3D commercial software ANSYS FLUENT. Six different angles of vegetation patch were tested (θ = 0°, 30°, 60°, 90°, 120° and 150°) along the dike wall. Initially, the results of numerical model were validated using previously published data. This paper presents the results in the form of different profiles and contour plots depicting the mean streamwise velocity, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), eddy viscosity and Reynolds stresses at specific critical locations and sections simulated by the model. The results showed that the current numerical model can successfully replicate the flow characteristics. The mean streamwise velocity profiles and contour plots revealed that the largest velocity was generated by vegetation patches orientated at 60°, 90° and 120° along the dike because of maximum flow resistance, which should be avoided. The velocities on the downstream side of the vegetation patch were significantly reduced across all orientations. The Reynolds stress profiles (u‘u’, v‘v’ and w‘w’) indicated that the stresses were lower near the bed and tended to become constant along the flow depth, whereas the TKE was larger inside the vegetation patches during all orientations because of turbulent flow. All angles of the vegetation patch changed the flow patterns, resulting in the formation of recirculation zones and secondary currents around the patch, which was represented in eddy viscosity contours. This study's results show that the flow dynamics in open channels are significantly affected by the orientation of the plant patch.

Cooperation between ports is known to enhance their competitiveness. This study aims to reveal changes in the global shipping network structure and evaluate the competitiveness of cooperating ports in the shipping network as port connectivity. We apply a backbone flow algorithm, which creates an initial shipping network with backbone flow and reconstructs the network using an adaptive large-neighborhood search, to solve a liner shipping network design problem. Network science measures are used to evaluate changes in network structure and port connectivity. The cooperation between the Osaka and Kobe ports is analyzed as a case study. We find that draft development allows large-sized vessels, which cannot currently call at the Osaka and Kobe ports, to dock there, enhancing their competitiveness. This increased competitiveness surpasses that of the Kaohsiung port but remains lower than that of other large Asian hub ports, including Busan, Singapore, and Tanjung Pelepas. Our findings provide guidelines for developing port strategies to attract more port calls and enhance competitiveness through port cooperation.

To compare ventral- and dorsal-onlay buccal mucosal graft (BMG) urethroplasty in patients with urethral stricture, as the optimal placement of BMG in urethroplasty for bulbar urethral strictures remains debated. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. Studies comparing dorsal- and ventral-onlay BMG urethroplasty were analysed. Pooled effect sizes were calculated using a random-effects model. Subgroup analyses and publication bias assessments were performed. Eight studies with 655 patients were included. The success rate showed no significant difference between the dorsal- and ventral-onlay techniques (relative risk [RR] 1.00, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.94-1.06; P = 0.97, I2 = 0%). The maximum urinary flow rate at 3 months (mean difference [MD] -0.64, 95% CI -2.14 to 0.86 mL/s; P = 0.41) and 12 months (MD -0.57, 95% CI -2.00 to 0.85 mL/s; P = 0.43) was comparable. Transient erectile dysfunction (ED) was significantly lower with the ventral technique (RR 0.24, 95% CI 0.08-0.67; P = 0.006), while permanent ED rates were similar (RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.03-12.20; P = 0.72). Sensitivity analysis confirmed robustness, and no publication bias was detected. Dorsal- and ventral-onlay BMG urethroplasty have similar success rates and urinary flow outcomes. However, ventral onlay may reduce transient ED. International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) registration number: CRD420250654329.

Rotary intersections, known as old traffic circles, require vehicles entering from branches to yield to circulating traffic. Upon entering, vehicles travel around a central island and exit toward their desired branch, generating merging and diverging conflicts at entry and exit points. Rotary capacity models are focused on the weaving manoeuvres within the circular roadway sections, associating capacity with the maximum traffic flow rate of each weaving segment. This paper introduces a novel approach combining modern roundabouts capacity models with the old rotary ones. In particular, the present study proposes a mixed approach based on an iterative process that combines the English TRRL model, which is suited for the old rotaries and based on short weaving sections capacity, with the features of the HCM-7th entry capacity model of the modern roundabouts, which is based on the circulating-traffic priority rule. Such an approach is rooted in the total capacity criteria and traffic conditions where all roundabout entrances reach congestion simultaneously. Compared to the past, this new approach makes entry performance estimation, such as average delay and queue length, bridging the gap between outdated and current methodologies in the field of rotary intersection design and assessment.

Objective: To identify sonographic and morphological parameters of the prostate and bladder that predict bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) in benign prostate hyperplasia patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Methods:The data of patients evaluated for LUTS between 2019-2023 were retrospectively screened.Following the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 320 patients were included in the study.The patient's medical history, physical examination, laboratory findings, ultrasonography findings, and urodynamic examination results were recorded.In the urodynamic examination, participants were divided into two groups: Group 1 (n=180) with a BOO index (BOOI) 40, and Group 2 (n=140) with a BOOI <40.These two groups were then compared.Results: There was no statistical difference in age and international prostate symptom score results between the two groups.In univariate analysis, maximal flow rate (Qmax), post-void residual urine volume, serum Prostate specific antigen, intravesical prostate protrusion (IPP), ultrasound estimated bladder weight, and bladder wall thickness were found to be significant predictors, while in multivariate analysis Qmax and IPP were determined as significant predictive factors. Conclusion:IPP and Qmax can be used as non-invasive tests to predict BOO in patients evaluated with LUTS.

Artificial neural network algorithm for time dependent radiative Casson fluid flow with couple stresses through a microchannel