Programming Structures Research Articles (Page 2)

Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) have been indispensable components of embedded systems and datacenter infrastructures. However, energy efficiency of FPGAs has become a hard barrier preventing their expansion to more application contexts, due to two physical limitations: (1) The massive usage of routing multiplexers causes delay and power overheads as compared to ASICs. To reduce their power consumption, FPGAs have to operate at low supply voltage but sacrifice performance because the transistors drive degrade when working voltage decreases. (2) Using volatile memory technology forces FPGAs to lose configurations when powered off and to be reconfigured at each power Resistive Random Access Memories (RRAMs) have strong potentials in overcoming the physical limitations of conventional FPGAs. First of all, RRAMs grant FPGAs non-volatility, enabling FPGAs to be Normally powered off, Instantly powered on. Second, by combining functionality of memory and pass-gate logic in one unique device, RRAMs can greatly reduce area and delay of routing elements. Third, when RRAMs are embedded into datpaths, the performance of circuits can be independent from their working voltage, beyond the limitations of CMOS circuits. However, researches and development of RRAM-based FPGAs are in their infancy. Most of area and performance predictions were achieved without solid circuit-level simulations and sophisticated Computer Aided Design (CAD) tools, causing the predicted improvements to be less convincing. In this thesis,we present high-performance and low-power RRAM-based FPGAs fromtransistorlevel circuit designs to architecture-level optimizations and CAD tools, using theoretical analysis, industrial electrical simulators and novel CAD tools. We believe that this is the first systematic study in the field, covering: From a circuit design perspective, we propose efficient RRAM-based programming circuits and routing multiplexers through both theoretical analysis and electrical simulations. The proposed 4T(ransitor)1R(RAM) programming structure demonstrates significant improvements in programming current, when compared to most popular 2T1R programming structure. 4T1R-based routingmultiplexer designs are proposed by considering various physical design parasitics, such as intrinsic capacitance of RRAMs and wells doping organization. The proposed 4T1R-based multiplexers outperformbest CMOS implementations significantly in area, delay and power at both nominal and near-Vt regime. From a CAD perspective, we develop a generic FPGA architecture exploration tool, FPGASPICE, modeling a full FPGA fabric with SPICE and Verilog netlists. FPGA-SPICE provides different levels of testbenches and techniques to split large SPICE netlists, in order to obtain better trade-off between simulation time and accuracy. FPGA-SPICE can capture area and power characteristics of SRAM-based and RRAM-based FPGAs more accurately than the currently best analyticalmodels. From an architecture perspective, we propose architecture-level optimizations for RRAMbased FPGAs and quantify their minimumrequirements for RRAM devices. Compared to the best SRAM-based FPGAs, an optimized RRAM-based FPGA architecture brings significant reduction in area, delay and power respectively. In particular, RRAM-based FPGAs operating in the near-Vt regime demonstrate a 5x power improvement without delay overhead as compared to optimized SRAM-based FPGA operating at nominal working voltage.

Leader developers need to consider support for leader developmental readiness by examining organizational culture, job design and rewards, social support, and availability and structure of leader development programming.

Maximum wind power tracking based on cloud RBF neural network

Cutting tools selection is a very important and time consuming activity in production systems. It influences parts quality, productivity and timing, therefore production cost. Computer-based approach is conditioned by programming structures and information concentrated in databases. This paper presents the basic architecture and relationships for a tool selection management system in turning processes, which is under development. Relational implementation defined by internal links, is highlighted. The system is constructed using macros and Microsoft Visual Basic. Considering input data provided by user, different solutions for machines, toolholders and indexable inserts are generated. The database is designed to support manufacturing requests.

The technological affordances of three-dimensional (3D) multi-user virtual worlds and their effectiveness in task-based learning approaches are to a large extent well-established in the international field of computer literacy research. However, less attention was given to their positive or negative impact on student engagement. The current study seeks to investigate the interrelationships of students' engagement among multidimensional constructs consisting of cognitive, emotional and behavioral factors in order to understand better the educational community the learning effectiveness emerged through a 3D computer-supported and multi-user serious game created for introductory programming courses. An instructional design framework based on Papert's theory of Constructionism to be amplified the students' activities and management of their interactions in a 3D multi-user serious game created via an Open Sim standalone server integrated with Scratch4OS is also proposed. Fifty-five (n=55) voluntary students from three different high schools participated and experienced in a 3D mind-trap puzzle game named Co.Co.I.A. (Collaborative Construction of Interactive Artifacts) to learn basic programming structures. The empirical study findings indicated that student behavioral engagement (attention, retention and energy expenditure for activity completion) had not only a linear correlation with cognitive engagement (learning strategies for the construction of the knowledge domain), but it had also a positive association with emotional engagement (students' positive emotions and achievement orientation) in collaborative learning tasks, causing the reinforcement of the other two factors as well.

Data-intensive applications process large volumes of data using a parallel processing method. MapReduce is a programming model designed for data-intensive applications for massive data sets and an execution framework for large-scale data processing on clusters of commodity servers. While fault tolerance, easy programming structure, and high scalability are considered strong points of MapReduce; however its configuration parameters must be fine-tuned to the specific deployment, which makes it more complex in configuration and performance. This paper explains tuning of the Hadoop configuration parameters, which directly affect MapReduce's job workflow performance under various conditions to achieve maximum performance. On the basis of the empirical data we collected, it became apparent that three main methodologies can affect the execution time of MapReduce running on cluster systems. Therefore, in this paper, we present a model that consists of three main modules: (1) Extending a data redistribution technique in order to find the high-performance nodes, (2) Utilizing the number of map/reduce slots in order to make it more efficient in terms of execution time, and (3) Developing a new hybrid routing schedule shuffle phase in order to define the scheduler task while memory management level is reduced. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

El proyecto busca diversificar la oferta educativa de niños, niñas y adolescentes que viven en condiciones de pobreza y riesgo social, mediante una propuesta didáctica con robótica educativa en la que las personas participantes diseñan, construyen y programan prototipos robóticos ambientados en situaciones reales. Las construcciones se hacen con bloques y operadores mecánicos (LEGO) y se programan con un lenguaje iconográfico (Robolab 2.9). La propuesta se enfoca en los procesos de diseño, construcción, programación y la divulgación de resultados y productos. La ejecución y evaluación de la propuesta y de los resultados de aprendizaje se realizó en tres centros comunitarios (Centros Interactivos), que son centros de aprendizaje no formales, ubicados en comunidades urbano marginales. Se observó que al finalizar los talleres los estudiantes elaboran proyectos grupales que representan sitios o eventos, utilizan mecanismos integrados por diferentes máquinas y operadores para la transmisión de movimiento, los programas para sus prototipos incluyen estructuras de multitareas y ciclos condicionados, estructuras de control de tiempo y uso de sensores. Sin embargo, se presentaron dificultades con el logro de los componentes sociales: trabajo en equipo, comunicación y socialización de los procesos de aprendizaje, que deberán ser abordados con mayor profundidad en una próxima fase.

A General Test for Portfolio Efficiency

Traditional therapeutic communities (TCs) are characterized by confrontational group therapy, treatment phases, a tenure-based resident hierarchy, and long-term residential care. Many TCs have modified the structure and intensity of the traditional model, tailored services for specific client populations, and hired more professionally trained staff. This study examines the extent to which modified TCs are able to retain the underlying core technology of the TC. Using data from a nationally representative sample of 380 self-identified TCs, six traditional TC elements are identified. Results from a structural equation model indicate that offering services for specific populations and professionalization of staff has limited impact on the six TC elements. Modifications to structure and intensity of TC programming evidenced the strongest effect. Specifically, outpatient-only TCs showed significantly lower adherence to five of the six elements. Short-term residential programs showed a similar negative trend. Findings suggest selected modifications are possible without significantly impacting the TC model's core technology.

Courses: Introduction to Mass Media, Media Effects, Media Ethics, Broadcast Journalism Objective: To develop critical awareness of media programming trends such as content homogenization, “infotainment,” and the programming structure of news content, in order to help students develop critical awareness of the public interest obligations of commercial broadcasting

Abstract: P672 THE 7B-HYDROXYCHOLESTEROL INDUCES HUMAN NATURAL KILLER CELL DEATH VIA OXIDATIVE STRESS RELATED LYSOSOMAL DESTABILIZATION

One of the most fundamental and most highly debated questions in Information Systems education is the role of programming in undergraduate IS programs. On one hand, there are strong arguments and precedents supporting not only the inclusion of programming in these programs but also a significant role for it. For example, both the most recent model curriculum (IS 2002) and many existing undergraduate IS programs include a significant programming component. IS 2002 incorporates a programming course with a highly complex name reflecting the ambiguity about the focus of the course ("Programming, Data, File, and Object Structures,") but it also includes two additional courses that have significant programming components ("Physical Design and Implementation with DBMS" and "Physical Design and Implementation in Emerging Environments"). The "Analysis and Logical Design" course is directly connected to application development/programming. A closer evaluation of the course descriptions reveals a very ambitious agenda; the topics include items such as "programming in traditional and visual environments that incorporate event-driven, object-oriented design," "algorithm development," "program correctness, verification, and validation," "structured and object design approaches," and "structured, event driven, and object oriented application design." This choice of wording, which is practically unchanged from IS'97, signifies a strong commitment to developing the students' programming and software development capabilities. In addition, the general criteria for accrediting undergraduate computing programs (including those in information systems) clearly include programming activities (3 (c)) "The program enables students to achieve, by the time of graduation, ... an ability to design, implement, and evaluate a computer-based system, process, component, or program to meet desired needs.

In this work we study the variational inequality problem in finite dimensional spaces.The constraint set we consider has the structure of semi-infinite programming.Standard convergence analysis for outer approximation methods includes boundedness of the constraint set, or, alternatively, coerciveness of the data.Using recession tools, we are able to replace these assumptions by the hypotheses of boundedness of the solution set and that the domain of the operator contains the constraint set.

This study provides longitudinal insights into a pattern of drop-out that the authors had previously identified, by tracking educational outcomes among ESL youth for a single, large urban school. Over a span of eight years, distinct changes in the educational climate and, in particular, in the structure and funding of ESL programming have led to two distinct cohorts of ESL students: pre- and post-budget cuts. While the results show the general drop-out rate for ESL students remains unchanged at 74%, a comparison of the two cohorts suggests that accelerated integration into academic mainstream courses has had a detrimental impact on the educational success of intermediate level ESL students. Further, a new set of issues emerges related to the quality of success for ESL learners and the identification of ESL learners.

Dynamic User Equilibrium on Traffic Networks. An Analysis and a Discretized Model

Sensor Integration in ESPRIT

A methodology was developed for the computer‐aided design and modeling of electrochemical process flowsheets. The public version of the advanced system for process engineering (ASPEN) was modified for use in the study. ASPEN was chosen because of its electrolyte capability and adaptable programming structure. Within the ASPEN framework, enhancements made during the course of this work are portable to the electrolytic industry. In this study, the design, costing, and economic analysis of the electrochemical production of methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) was used as an example. The process steps included rigorous distillations, absorbers, an electrochemical cell model, pumps, flashes, and heat exchangers involving electrolyte systems.

One of the most frequently occurring integer programming structures is the one which has special ordered sets of variables included in multiple choice constraints. For problems with this structure a set of ideal columns are defined from the linear programming relaxation of the integer program and a reduced integer program is formed by keeping only those columns within a specified distance from the ideal column. Conditions are established which guarantee when the optimal solution to the reduced problem is als optimal for the original problem. When these conditions are not satisfied, bounds on the optimal solution value are provided. Ideal columns are also used to establish weights for the special ordered set variables. This procedure has been implemented through a control program written by the authors for MPSX/370-MIP/370. Computational results are given.

An innovative design for an interactive paint program has been developed based on multiple processes and message passing. Traditional paint programs combine interrupt-driven support of a graphical input device, such as a mouse or tablet, with the coloring of pixels in a raster display. We advocate a different design methodology which is illustrated in our implementation. The multiple processes and message passing primitives provided by some real-time operating systems encourage the design of parallel-program architectures and anthropomorphic programming structures, analogous to artist procedures and the metaphors of Smalltalk. The Thoth operating system was used to experiment with such an anthropomorphic design. Thoth provides a hospitable environment in which to investigate the distribution of algorithms between software and microprogrammed hardware processes, the performance and responsiveness of a multiple-process interactive program, and experimental user interfaces using an Ikonas 3000 frame buffer. The paint program consists of processes which handle the graphics tablet, track an iconic cursor, paint a selection of brushes, fill regions of the image, draw lines, and implement the user interface. Some processes have been implemented both in software and microcode.

The Bonneville Power Administration has been developing a system for producing substation design drawings by using automatic data processing methods. Although the system is not yet 100-percent operational on all phases of substation design, it is operational on 115-kV one-line diagrams, buslayouts for 500-kV breaker- and-a-half and ring-bus schemes, 115-kV customer's service stations, and some switchboard and relay panels. The basic programming structure has been established, and the system offers a practical and economical method of decreasing the man-hour requirements for substation design, where repetitive-type drawingsmust be produced for construction purposes. The project has been separated into six basic parts: 1) developing the basic logical structure, 2) reducing the graphical components to numerical data, 3) retrieving and assembling the necessary components for a specific drawing, 4) transforming the numerical data back into graphic form ( plotting), 5) generating a bill of material, 6) writing a material summary list. Ways of applying these parts to design drafting are discussed.