25th State Research Institute of Chemmotology of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation

The purpose of the study is to develop and implement in practice a functional circuit for microprocessor control of electric dispensers of a mixer of oil and vegetable components of diesel bio–oil fuel, built into the standard power system of tractor diesel. From a scientific and practical point of view, it is important not only the correct selection of electric dispensers for the mixer of components of diesel bio-oil fuel, taking into account the fuel consumption of a specific tractor model, but also automatic control of electric dispensers without the participation of a driver. The choice of parameters of the mixer electric dispensers was carried out in accordance with the previously performed calculations in relation to the diesel D-243 of the MTZ-80 tractor. Considering the geometric dimensions of the input channels of the mixer and the valve of the electric dispenser, the stroke of the valve stem of the electric dispensers is determined, which is necessary for the required change in the throughput of the input channels of the mixer. To change the percentage of components of diesel bio-oil fuel, depending on the load-speed and temperature mode of tractor diesel operation, step-by-step electric dispensers are placed in the input channels of the mixer, automatically changing the throughput of the input channels by adjusting the area of their passage section. The microprocessor unit controls the operation of the electric dispensers based on informative signals from load sensors (the position of the rail of the high-pressure fuel pump), speed (the speed of rotation of the diesel crankshaft), the temperature of the coolant in the diesel cooling system and the temperature of vegetable oil at the inlet to the mixer. The functional scheme of microprocessor control of electric dispensers of the mixer of components of diesel bio-oil fuel developed and implemented in practice allows to change automatically the percentage of petroleum fuel and vegetable oil in diesel bio-oil fuel depending on the load-speed and temperature mode of tractor diesel operation.

At present, the process of design and production of unmanned aerial vehicles has been making progress in Russia, which is caused by the relatively low cost, small size, absence of life hazard to a pilot, stealth, self-sustainability, mobility compared to manned aircraft. At the same time, two-stroke gasoline engines, possessing a higher power-to-volume ratio, unsophisticated design, and lower production costs in comparison with four-stroke gasoline engines, have become widely used in these aircraft. These engines lack a conventional lubrication system, so the oil is supplied to lubricate the cylinder-piston group in the form of a fuel-oil mixture, which burns during the operating procedure together with the fuel. In this case, high-temperature deposits such as carbon and lacquer are accumulated on the parts of the cylinder-piston group. The formation of carbon reduces the engine power, its service life and efficiency, causes an increase in operating costs. One of the solutions to this problem is the use of motor oils with a high level of anti-carbon properties. However, currently a method for assessing the anti-carbon oil properties for unmanned aerial vehicle engines is not available. In accordance with the described chemmotological process, the method was developed, the test equipment (Panel Coking Test Apparatus) was selected and the test modes were established (plate temperature – 290°C, oil temperature in the crankcase – 100°C, spray speed – 800 rev/min, test time – 4 h), allowing you to evaluate and rank motor oils for unmanned aircraft engines based on the anti-carbon properties in the laboratory. As tested, Motul Kart Grand Prix 2T oil has the least tendency for carbonization among tested motor oil samples. Laboratory and bench tests of Novoyl-DD and Motul Kart Grand Prix 2T oils show a high degree of convergence.

Objectives. The reduction of the anthropogenic burden on the environment is generally associated with the transition to alternative energy sources. However, some of these have only regional significance, while the effectiveness of others remains doubtful. On this point, innovative processes aimed at increasing the depth of oil refining may be equally important for reducing the carbon footprint. Wave-based technologies such as cavitation may also be included in these processes. Among the various methods for inducing such cavitation phenomena in oil refining, hydrodynamic approaches are especially promising. It has been shown that the treatment effectiveness increases with greater pressure or when augmenting the number of cavitation processing cycles. The aim of this work is to identify the factor (i.e., pressure gradient or number of treatment cycles) having the greatest influence on the change of the characteristics of the oil product.Methods. Cavitation phenomena were created by pumping dark oil products through a diffuser. The pressure gradient ranged from 20 to 50 MPa, while the number of cavitation processing cycles varied from 1 to 10. The influence of cavitation conditions on the change of fractional composition of petroleum products was analyzed. Target fractions are those having a boiling point up to 400°C.Results. It is shown that increased pressure generated in the diffuser leads to a linear increase in the yield of desired cuts. The dependence of the yield of these fractions on the number of processing cycles is described by the growth model with saturation. A proposed equation describes the influence of pressure and number of cycles on the yield of the fractions from initial boiling point temperature (TIBP) to 400°C following cavitation processing of dark oil products. Some of the coefficients of this equation have been associated with the physicochemical characteristics of the feedstock.Conclusions. An equation for predicting the maximum possible yield of the TJBP-400°C fraction as a result of cavitation processing under different conditions of the process is proposed according to the physicochemical characteristics of the feedstock. The prediction error did not exceed 12%. The equation analysis and comparison of energy consumption between different process regimes shows that a higher yield of the target product is achieved by increasing pressure gradient rather than the number of processing cycles.

The article presents studies on the functional stability of pipeline systems for supplying military forces with fuel. The conditions for the functional stability and its manifestation at various levels are defined and considered. A formation sequence of scientific foundations for the functional stability of pipeline systems at the methodological level is given. The essence of the proposed methodology for studying the stability of the functioning in various pipeline systems of oil products supply is explored.

Methods were developed for direct atomic absorption determination of lead and lithium as components of antiknock additives in aviation and automotive gasoline at concentrations in the ranges of 100-1700 (lead) and 2.5/0.25-100 (lithium) mg/dm3. The conditions of atomization of the sample solutions and calibration solutions and elimination of the effect of the matrix of the analyzed samples on the results were achieved by suitable dilution of the samples and by including aliquots of solutions simulating the composition of gasolines prepared from individual high-purity hydrocarbons in the composition of the reference solutions and calibration solutions. The methods are characterized by high precision, are simple to use, and can be recommended for quality control and identification of gasoline.

The described method for the formulation of requirements for the operational properties of fuels and lubricants on the basis of point- and integral indicators obtained from the results of laboratory bench tests promotes an increase in the efficiency and reliability of quality assessment while reducing material costs.

In this paper, we analyzed various methods for abradability testing polymer materials. An optimal test method reflecting the operating conditions of the elastic tank was established. The method takes into account the duration of the abrasive action at a constant friction force and varying friction force. A model that relates the duration of the action of a constant friction force and various friction force is obtained. A complex relationship between abradability and the friction force is shown.