Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Bashkortostan

The characterized territory belongs to the edge of the East European Platform, adjacent to the Fore-Ural foredeep. The Yuryuzan River valley from the mouth of the Air River to the Sabakai Riverside cliff has a north-northwest direction, cutting through the southeastern part of the Ufa Plateau composed of Lower Permian rocks. The Duvan reef facies of the Sakmarian Stage is described in the Idelbaevo 1, Baganatash 1, and Baganatash 2 sections; the Yuryuzan suite of the Sakmarian Stage is known in the Kosoi Kamen, Urmantau, Manshei, Karagaitash, and Sabakai sections. The Sakmarian Stage is overlain by Lower and Upper Artinskian deposits. The outcropping in the river valley deposits form the impressive vertical riverside cliffs. The Yuryuzan River in this territory has a permanent right tributary, the Atavka River, a drying up left tributary, the Ageryav River, and a right tributary, the Koshelevka River (below Sabakai Riverside cliff). A narrow, beautiful river valley with cliffs on both sides and a plateau covered with coniferous and mixed forests are the main attractions of this area for the travellers. The authors hope that identifying and characterizing natural features will help travelers, increase interest in exploring new territories within the country, and serve as a teaching aid for local history and geography in schools.

Abstract Breast cancer is the most common disease among malignant neoplasms. Some patients develop relapses and metastases even after radical treatment. There are still no accurate methods for determining the risk of such an outcome; recommendations for tactics in this case are based on statistical data on survival in different observation groups. We assumed that the risks of breast cancer progression are closely related to insufficient functioning of the immune system. One of the promising areas in the study of immunodeficiency states is the analysis of TREC and KREC (sections of T- and B-lymphocyte DNA that remain after the maturation of these cells). Objective. The aim of the study was to determine the level of TREC in the blood of patients with and without relapse in the luminal subtype of breast cancer. Materials and methods. The study included 196 patients with luminal Her2-negative subtype with stages I-III. Venous blood of patients was used to assess the level of TREC and KREC. Quantitative analysis of TREC and KREC was performed using the IMMUNO-BIT reagent kit. The analyzer used was: Real-time CFX96 amplifier, Bio-Rad Laboratories, USA. Detecting amplifier DT-96, DNA-Technology, Russia. Statistical analysis was performed using the StatTech v. 4.6.1 program (developer - StatTech LLC, Russia). Results. The median TREC level in the group without relapse was 22.43, in the relapse group - 3.0 copies per 105 cells p < 0.001. The results of the study showed a low level of TREC in the blood of patients with disease progression within 1 year, which was regarded as a deficiency of the T-cell link, which plays a major role in controlling tumor growth. Conclusions. The obtained data confirm the opinion that breast cancer is an immune-mediated oncological disease, in which there is a decrease in the activity of the body's immune system. Thus, the assessment of the TREC level against the background of adjuvant therapy may become a new risk factor for relapse in patients with breast cancer. Citation Format: A. Sultanbaev, I. Tuzankina, I. Kolyadina, N. Sultanbaeva, D. Kudlay, S. Musin, K. Menshikov, M. Sultanbaev. Immunological aspects that determine the risk of breast cancer recurrence in patients with early luminal subtype [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium 2025; 2025 Dec 9-12; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2026;32(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PS3-10-20.

The article examines the place of grammar in teaching Russian in a non-Russian school. It substantiates the expediency of studying two parts of grammar - morphology and syntax, as well as vocabulary and grammar in their relationship. The optimal option for implementing such a methodology is a comprehensive teaching of the Russian language on a syntactic basis. In school, not descriptive (theoretical) but practical (active) grammar is studied, which teaches how to correctly use language means in speech.

Introduction. Urbanization constitutes a significant factor shaping the contemporary state and future trajectories of a nation’s demographic and social development. The consequences of urbanization processes include the expansion of cities, the intensification of agglomeration trends, and alterations in the size, distribution, and composition of the population. The latter is of particular relevance for the Indigenous peoples of the national republics of the Ural-Volga region – specifically the Finno-Ugric and Turkic groups – who experienced a relatively late integration into the urban milieu. The objective of this research is to identify the key patterns in the distribution, dynamics, and proportion of the urban population within the national republics of the Ural-Volga region from the second half of the 20th century to the early 21st century. This article provides a novel comparative analysis of urbanization processes, examining both the general population and the Indigenous peoples of these republics through an ethnic lens for the period under review. Materials and Methods. Using descriptive statistics, the author analyzes data from the 1989, 2002, 2010, and 2020 Soviet and Russian national censuses, current demographic records, and regional strategic planning documents to identify key trends in agglomeration processes. The analysis focuses on six national republics of the Ural-Volga region: those with indigenous Finno-Ugric (Mari El, Mordovia, Udmurtia) and Turkic populations (Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Chuvashia). Results and Discussion. The republics under examination exhibit a center-periphery pattern in the development of their urban settlement networks. A distinct group of core cities has emerged, situated within the most socio-economically advanced territories of these republics, where agglomeration processes are underway. The distribution of the urban population reflects a pan-Russian trend of population concentration in major cities, regional capitals, and agglomerations. The national republics are distinguished by the specific dynamics in the scale and level of urbanization, observable for both the total population and the titular ethnic groups. The Republic of Tatarstan and the Udmurt Republic exemplify two contrasting trends: the former demonstrates a consistent increase in both the size and proportion of the urban population, whereas the latter experiences a decline. In the remaining republics, the dynamics of absolute and relative urbanization metrics are less stable, with periods of growth periodically alternating with decline, and vice versa; the nature of these changes can vary significantly. Conclusion. A comparative regional analysis of these issues allows for an examination of how specific regional and ethnic populations are integrated into the urban milieu. This approach is instrumental in identifying prospects for socio-demographic development and in devising effective policy mechanisms for national, social, and demographic governance, aimed at safeguarding demographic potential during urbanization.

The distribution of the magnetic coupling between the poles in active magnetic bearings is examined. The study is based on an analysis of the electromagnetic characteristics of four main configurations of magnetic poles: NNSS, NSNS, NNNN, and SSSS. The electromagnetic forces generated by the NNSS and NSNS configurations were calculated and comparatively analyzed, which makes it possible to evaluate their power capabilities and efficiency. To study the phenomenon of magnetic coupling and its effect on the distribution of magnetic induction, equivalent magnetic circuits were simulated, and the results obtained were verified by the finite element method. Optimal pole configurations have been found using the criterion of minimal mutual influence of magnetic circuits.

The process of designing a slotless electric machine with a magnetic core made of amorphous magnetically soft material and the features of such magnetic cores are considered. The design features of a slotless electric motor are considered, and the results of its electromagnetic calculation are presented. A method for making a winding for an experimental sample of a slotless electric motor is considered.

This article considers the conceptual state of traditional aircraft technology. It is shown that achieving technological leadership requires the development of aircraft based on electric and hybrid propulsion systems. It also examines the current state of electric machine development, drawing the conclusion that a specific power of 16.1 kW/kg for electric motors will not be achieved until 2030. It is also shown that the development of hybrid and electric propulsion aircraft requires mastering serial production of such aircraft, obtaining Rosaviatsia or EASA certification, and accumulating sufficient flight hours on aircrafts with such electric motors.

Energy Storage Systems (ESS), particularly lithium-ion batteries, play a crucial role in modern energy management by enhancing grid stability, supporting renewable integration, and enabling sustainable electric mobility. Accurate battery degradation prediction is essential for optimizing operational costs, prolonging battery life, and ensuring system reliability. Despite recent advances in deep learning models like CNN, LSTM, and hybrid architectures for battery degradation prediction, challenges remain in achieving generalizable, robust models that accurately predict early-stage degradation across diverse battery types and operational conditions. Existing approaches also lack comprehensive integration of spatial and temporal features for enhanced accuracy. This study aims to develop and evaluate advanced deep learning models to automate classification of battery degradation patterns, addressing limitations of current methods by leveraging synthetic datasets and hybrid model architectures. Synthetic battery degradation data simulating natural aging processes was generated and preprocessed for model training. Three deep learning models—CNN, LSTM, and a hybrid CNN-LSTM with attention mechanism—were developed and trained with early stopping and learning rate scheduling to optimize performance. Model effectiveness was assessed using classification accuracy, cross-entropy loss, and convergence behavior on test data. The CNN and Hybrid CNN-LSTM with attention models both achieved perfect classification accuracy (100%) on synthetic data, effectively capturing spatial and combined spatial-temporal features. The LSTM model also demonstrated strong performance (97.5% accuracy) in modeling temporal degradation patterns. The hybrid model outperformed others by integrating attention mechanisms that enhanced feature focus and generalization. The proposed hybrid deep learning framework offers a robust solution for real-time battery health monitoring, improving predictive accuracy and operational efficiency. Its deployment can significantly contribute to scalable battery management in electric vehicles, grid storage, and renewable energy systems, supporting sustainability goals and reducing reliance on costly experimental data.

The research aims to identify and describe the structure and functions of the complex semiotic code of gestures within the communicative space of Formula 1. The article examines the semiotic specificity of gestures, their classification according to Charles S. Peirce’s triad (icons, indexes, symbols) and A. Ya. Brodetsky’s spatial axes (vertical, horizontal, sagittal). The subject of study encompasses the processes of encoding (by drivers, engineers, directors) and decoding (by teams, officials, spectators) of gestural messages in motorsports. The novelty of the research lies in the first attempt to integrate classical semiotic theories with the contemporary gestural repertoire of Formula 1, whose representational significance has been amplified by radio communication, telemetry, virtual race control, and in-helmet cameras. As a result, the structure of the gestural code – combining universal (e.g., pointing, basic emotions) and socially conditioned (e.g., hierarchy, identity) elements – has been systematized; the role of gestures as a tool for self-presentation and personal branding for drivers has been defined. The spatial orientation of gestures correlates with their functions: vertical gestures dominate in disciplinary decisions, horizontal gestures coordinate spatial interaction, and sagittal gestures manage action dynamics.