Advanced Fuel Research (United States)

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This document is the final report on an overall program formulated to extend our prior work in developing and validating kinetic models for the CO/hydrogen/oxygen reaction by carefully analyzing the individual and interactive behavior of specific elementary and subsets of elementary reactions at conditions of interest to syngas combustion in gas turbines. A summary of the tasks performed under this work are: 1. Determine experimentally the third body efficiencies in H+O{sub 2}+M = HO{sub 2}+M (R1) for CO{sub 2} and H{sub 2}O. 2. Using published literature data and the results in this program, further develop the present H{sub 2}/O{sub 2}/diluent and CO/H{sub 2}/O{sub 2}/diluent mechanisms for dilution with CO{sub 2}, H{sub 2}O and N{sub 2} through comparisons with new experimental validation targets for H{sub 2}-CO-O{sub 2}-N{sub 2} reaction kinetics in the presence of significant diluent fractions of CO{sub 2} and/or H{sub 2}O, at high pressures. (task amplified to especially address ignition delay issues, see below). 3. Analyze and demonstrate issues related to NOx interactions with syngas combustion chemistry (task amplified to include interactions of iron pentacarbonyl with syngas combustion chemistry, see below). 4. Publish results, including updated syngas kinetic model. Results are summarized in this document and its appendices. Three archival papers which contain a majority of the research results have appeared. Those results not published elsewhere are highlighted here, and will appear as part of future publications. Portions of the work appearing in the above publications were also supported in part by the Department of Energy under Grant No. DE-FG02-86ER-13503. As a result of and during the research under the present contract, we became aware of other reported results that revealed substantial differences between experimental characterizations of ignition delays for syngas mixtures and ignition delay predictions based upon homogenous kinetic modeling. We adjusted emphasis of Task 2 to understand the source of these noted disparities because of their key importance to developing lean premixed combustion technologies of syngas turbine applications. In performing Task 3, we also suggest for the first time the very significant effect that metal carbonyls may have on syngas combustion properties. This work is fully detailed. The work on metal carbonyl effects is entirely computational in nature. Pursuit of experimental verification of these interactions was beyond the scope of the present work.

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Pyrolysis is a very versatile waste processing technology which can be tailored to produce a variety of solid, liquid, and/or gaseous products. The main disadvantages of pyrolysis processing are: (1) the product stream is more complex than for many of the alternative treatments; (2) the product gases cannot be vented directly into the cabin without further treatment because of the high CO concentrations. One possible solution is to combine a pyrolysis step with catalytic oxidation (combustion) of the effluent gases. This integration takes advantage of the best features of each process. The advantages of pyrolysis are: insensitivity to feedstock composition, no oxygen consumption, and batch operation. The main advantage of oxidation is the simplicity and consistency of the product stream. In addition, this hybrid process has the potential to result in a significant reduction in Equivalent System Mass (estimated at 10-40%) and system complexity. This paper includes data from a laboratory study of a hybrid pyrolysis/oxidation process, including results for the following cases: 1) without post-oxidation; 2) with post-oxidation; 3) with catalyzed post-oxidation.</div>

Los diccionarios terminológicos son un eficaz auxiliar en la elaboración de cualquier obra científica. Aún así, en nuestra sociedad los diccionarios son libros poco empleados como complemento y soporte de los conocimientos que brindan los libros especializados. En el caso particular del personal que labora en los departamentos de patología y citología, es usual la utilización de diversos términos para la descripción morfológica y funcional de la célula, lo cual conlleva, en algunos casos, al uso de descripciones poco específicas y/o limitadas, en parte debido a la ausencia de un diccionario especializado en esta área. Es así, cómo surge la idea de la elaboración de un diccionario de citopatología, que permita extender el área de descripción de la morfología celular y sea una ayuda eficaz y un auxiliar en el estudio de los libros específicos en citopatología. Para establecer la necesidad de tal herramienta, se elaboró una encuesta específica, que fue entregada a 50 personas (patólogos, citólogos y estudiantes de citohistología) y en la cual la pregunta más relevante fue la necesidad de la elaboración de un diccionario de citopatología. Al respecto, los resultados mostraron cómo un 90% de los encuestados estaba a favor y un 6,0% en contra, de manera que se hace imperiosa la elaboración del mismo.

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Pyrolysis processing is one of several options for solid waste resource recovery in space. It has the advantage of being relatively simple and adaptable to a wide variety of feedstocks and it can produce several usable products from typical waste streams. The objective of this study is to produce a prototype mixed solid waste pyrolyzer for spacecraft applications. A two-stage reactor system was developed which can process about 1 kg of waste per cycle. The reactor includes a pyrolysis chamber where the waste is heated to temperatures above 600°C for primary pyrolysis. The volatile products (liquids, gases) are transported by a N<sub>2</sub> purge gas to a second chamber which contains a catalyst bed for cracking the tars at temperatures of about 1000 °C −1100 °C. The tars are cracked into carbon and additional gases. Most of the carbon is subsequently gasified by oxygenated volatiles (CO<sub>2</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>O) from the first stage. In a final step, the temperature of the first stage can be raised and the purge gas switched from N<sub>2</sub> to CO<sub>2</sub> in order to gasify the remaining char in the first stage and the remaining carbon deposits in the second stage. Alternatively, the char can be removed from the first stage and saved as a future source of CO<sub>2</sub> or used to make activated carbon. The product gases from the pyrolyzer will be rich in CO and cannot be vented directly into the cabin. However, they can be processed in a shift reactor or sent to a high temperature fuel cell. A control system based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) is being developed for the reactor system. ANN models are well suited to describing the complicated relationships between the composition of the starting materials, the process conditions and the desired product yields.</div>

We have constructed an x-ray monochromator based on a log spiral of revolution covered with highly oriented pyrolytic graphite. Such a monochromator is used for obtaining x-ray absorption edge fine structure by the fluorescence method, and is particularly useful for measuring the fine structure of dilute element A in a concentrated matrix of element B, where B is to the left of A in the Periodic Table. Using the log spiral monochromator, we measure good Cr x-ray fine structure in an alloy of 1% Cr in a V matrix, whereas the corresponding spectrum is severely distorted by the V background if nonmonochromatized fluorescence is used. We also obtain excellent rejection of Mn fluorescence relative to Cr fluorescence in a Cr80Mn20 alloy, and can tune the monochromator such that the entire Mn step height is significantly smaller than the Cr x-ray absorption edge fine structure oscillations for this system.