Akademia Pomorska w Słupsku

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. While imatinib revolutionized first-line therapy, resistance and specific mutation profiles necessitate subsequent generations of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Sunitinib, regorafenib, and avapritinib represent second-line, third-line, and mutation-specific therapies, respectively, offering improved precision and disease control. This review summarizes clinical trial evidence, real-world data, and translational studies evaluating the efficacy, safety, and mechanistic basis of second- and third-generation TKIs in GIST. Emphasis is placed on therapeutic sequencing, resistance mechanisms, and molecularly guided treatment selection. Sunitinib, a multitargeted TKI inhibiting KIT, PDGFR, and VEGFR, provides effective disease control in imatinib-resistant or intolerant patients. Regorafenib, a broad-spectrum multikinase inhibitor, improves progression-free survival in refractory GIST and targets additional angiogenic and oncogenic pathways. Avapritinib, a next-generation TKI, selectively inhibits PDGFRA D842V and KIT exon 17 mutations, addressing a previously untreatable, mutation-driven subgroup. Integration of these agents into treatment algorithms exemplifies a shift toward personalized therapy, with outcomes guided by mutation profiling and biomarker-driven decisions. Second- and third-generation TKIs have transformed the management of advanced GIST, extending survival and offering mutation-specific precision therapy. Ongoing research into resistance mechanisms, combination strategies, and novel inhibitors promises further optimization of patient-centered care.

The documents of the Polish-Armenian colony, deposited between the 15th and the 17th centuries, are distinguished by their content diversity. These documents include a range of direct and indirect borrowings from Slavic languages, particularly from Old/Middle Polish and Middle Ukrainian, the vast majority of which (more than 200 word units) are included in linguistic studies. However, on the basis of our observations, for various reasons, more than 50 word units have been left out of the attention of specialists engaged in the study of the vocabulary of the Middle Armenian language. In this article, we have studied around 20 newly discovered borrowings and have come to a number of conclusions. The examined newly discovered borrowings are also noteworthy because they did not have a pan-Armenian distribution. They were used only in the Polish-Armenians’ speech relating to various aspects of social life, which effectively attests to the Polish-Armenians’ integration into the new environment.

The study aims to find the relation between shadow economy and start-ups performance in selected European countries. MIMIC approach was employed to indicate the level of shadow economy. The Pearson correlation index was used to show the dependence between shadow economy and number of start-ups. It was proved that shadow economy negatively influence on start-ups activity. Additionally, the numerous start-ups in analysed countries proved to be supportive issue in unicorn creation.

This article explores the educational and developmental role of Student Scientific Associations (SSAs) in biology education, emphasising their potential as supplementary learning environments in higher education. The Student Scientific Association of Animal Physiologists 'Oxygen' at the Pomeranian University in Słupsk (Poland) is used as a case study. Using qualitative data from interviews, observations, and document analysis, the study shows that participating in SSA 'Oxygen' greatly improves a range of competencies, including research methodology, technical laboratory skills, data analysis, critical thinking, communication, teamwork, leadership, and self-efficacy. Notably, the SSA 'Oxygen' offers students the chance to experience the entire research process, from designing experiments to interpreting results and presenting findings in academic settings.The interdisciplinary projects undertaken by SSA ‘Oxygen’, such as investigations into oxidative stress, ecophysiological monitoring of wild bird populations, and the pharmacological evaluation of plant extracts, expose students to real-life scientific challenges, developing their ability to apply theoretical knowledge in practice. These activities are often carried out in cooperation with external institutions, broadening the academic perspective and fostering international collaboration. Students also present their findings at local, national, and international seminars and conferences, strengthening their academic identity and preparing them for future professional roles in research, education, and environmental protection.The findings emphasise the importance of mentorship, peer learning, autonomy, and organisational involvement as key elements in developing competence. However, the article also identifies several challenges, including limited funding, a lack of infrastructure, time constraints and member turnover, which may hinder continuity and effectiveness. Overcoming these barriers requires stronger institutional support and the strategic integration of SSA activities into university curricula. With effective support, SSAs can play a transformative role in higher education by bridging the gap between theory and practice. Recognising their achievements formally, alongside providing stable resources and mentorship, can maximise their educational impact. This provides students with valuable scientific skills, as well as confidence, resilience, and long-term professional advantages.

The article discusses Stanisław Cat-Mackiewicz's views on Polish foreign policy in the 1930s, presented in the Vilnius daily “Słowo”. The publicist consistently criticized the illusions accompanying the foreign policy of the Second Polish Republic, particularly the excessive trust placed in France and Great Britain, which—in his opinion—were not prepared to offer real support to Poland in the event of a war with Germany. He supported the signing of the non-aggression pact with the Third Reich in 1934, considering it a step toward greater independence of Polish diplomacy. Stanisław Mackiewicz advocated a policy of balance between Germany and the Soviet Union, while firmly warning against the threat posed by Bolshevism. Although he did not call for breaking off diplomatic relations with the USSR, he demanded a firm and clearly anti-communist stance from the Polish state. In the article, Mackiewicz appears as a political thinker guided by realism in international affairs, in opposition to the strategy pursued by Minister Józef Beck.

Carpathian Sich, paramilitary, and sometimes military formation of autonomous Carpathian Ruthenia – Carpathian Ukraine was established 11 September1938, but grew up on the basis of pre-existing organization. Carpathian Sich quickly built up their political and military structures, in which he helped the influx of volunteers from Galicia and abroad. In strictly military played a major role Staff refugees and immigrants from Eastern Galicia, usually members of the OUN – Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists. Carpathian Sich National Defence Organisation (ONOKS) from the beginning to the end of its existence, struggled with a lack of weapons and troubles with adequate training of its members. Despite attempts, mainly political reasons did not come to an agreement with the Czech Republic, which would increase the potential Sich. ONOKS, in addition to units of the Czechoslovak army and border guard units, took part in the fight against Hungarian and Polish diversional (guerilla) groups. As a result of a tragic misunderstanding on the night of 13 on 14 March 1939 was in serving as the capital of the Veil of the bloody incidents between the branches of the federal army and the Sich. In those times there was a Hungarian attack and autonomous Ruthenia was proclaimed an independent Carpatho-Ukraine. Sich has been transformed into an army of the young state, taking an active part in the battles – especially the Krasne Pole, convicted by military weakness and international hopeless failure.

This paper presents Anton Kiersnowski’s concept of war, as set out in his 1939 work Philosophy of War. In this text, war is analysed as a phenomenon with moral and spiritual dimensions. Kiersnowski emphasises the ethical and religious dimensions of armed conflict, rejecting both pacifism and the theory of total war. He criticises Clausewitz and Lenin as architects of destructive ideologies. He portrays war as an inevitable yet pathological event that must be understood within the context of a Christian conception of justice. The paper calls for the revival of a spiritual Russian military doctrine rooted in pre-revolutionary traditions. The paper examines various historical conflicts, including Polish-Russian relations, through the lens of just war theory, asserting that only wars waged in defense of spiritual values and national-religious unity can be regarded as truly legitimate.

Objectives: Oral isotretinoin remains the most effective therapy for severe acne, but its exceptional efficacy is often accompanied by relatively frequent adverse effects. In this study, we quantified the frequency- and dose-related predictors of clinical and biochemical adverse effects during isotretinoin treatment in routine Polish practice. Methods: The records of 370 patients (mean age: 28 ± 12 years) who began isotretinoin treatment between June 2020 and June 2025 were reviewed. The mean daily isotretinoin and cumulative isotretinoin doses were 23.4 ± 9.1 mg and 88.3 ± 31.5 mg/kg, respectively. The adverse events documented at two-monthly visits were correlated with age and dosing. Lipid, hepatic, thyroid and prolactin panels were compared with age- and sex-matched controls using χ2 statistics and odds ratios (ORs). Results: Xerosis (70%), retinoid dermatitis (20%) and cheilitis (15.5%) predominated. Hand eczema rose with higher daily isotretinoin doses (ρ = 0.082; p = 0.037), whereas pruritus declined with greater cumulative isotretinoin exposure (ρ = −0.088; p = 0.037). Retinoid dermatitis was linked to a younger age (ρ = −0.080; p = 0.0286), whereas desquamation increased slightly with age (ρ = +0.083 p = 0.0228). Overall, dyslipidemia was twice as common as in the controls (OR: 2.06; 95% CI: 1.49–2.86; p-value: <0.0001), which was driven by an elevated total cholesterol (OR: 1.93; 95% CI: 1.34–2.77; p-value: 0.0004), LDL (OR: 3.40; 95% CI: 2.26–5.10; p-value: <0.0001) and triglycerides (OR: 1.95; 95% CI: 1.20–3.17; p-value: 0.0062) and decreased HDL (OR: 2.68; 95% CI: 1.75–4.10; p-value: <0.0001). Interestingly, hyperprolactinemia occurred eight-fold more often (OR: 8.42; 95%; 95% CI: 2.97–23.84; p-value: <0.00001). Aminotransferase and TSH elevations were infrequent and statistically non-significant. Conclusions: At moderate cumulative doses, isotretinoin was generally well tolerated; however, clinically relevant lipid and prolactin disturbances were frequent. Routine lipid and endocrine monitoring, early emollient prophylaxis and dose individualization are recommended to ensure safe isotretinoin usage in everyday practice.

Highlights94.5% of nurses had heard of Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS), but only 5.5% received formal training;27.3% experienced emotional overload while caring for a crying infant;Older nurses showed better knowledge of colic and safer coping strategies;92.7% expressed interest in SBS and infant crying management training;Only 29.1% believed mothers are informed about SBS in maternity wards.Background: Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) is a severe form of abusive head trauma with potentially fatal consequences. Nurses and midwives play a crucial role in its prevention through early recognition and caregiver education; however, little is known about their knowledge and preparedness in the Polish context. Objectives: To assess the knowledge, perceptions, and educational experiences related to SBS among Polish nurses and midwives working with infants. Participants and Setting: A nationwide cross-sectional survey was conducted among 110 nurses and midwives employed in neonatal and pediatric care settings across Poland. Methods: An anonymous questionnaire collected demographic data and evaluated knowledge of SBS, infant crying, coping strategies, and prior training. Associations between knowledge levels and participant characteristics were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results: Most participants (94.5%) had heard of SBS, and 78.2% correctly recognized shaking as more dangerous than a fall from a changing table. However, only 5.5% reported receiving formal training on SBS. Recognition of SBS symptoms was generally high (e.g., vomiting 100%, seizures 90.9%), but misconceptions persisted regarding coping with infant crying. More than one-quarter (27.3%) admitted experiencing a “breaking point,” and this group was more likely to acknowledge the risk of losing emotional control. Older nurses demonstrated significantly better recognition of crying patterns and colic (p = 0.0415), while SBS knowledge was positively associated with years of professional experience (p = 0.0484). Conclusions: Although general awareness of SBS is widespread, practical knowledge and training remain insufficient. Structured educational programs on SBS and infant crying management are urgently needed to better prepare healthcare professionals and reduce the risk of caregiver-related harm to infants.

The widespread presence of environmental pollutants, including toxic metals, microplastics, and antibiotics, has significantly altered gut microbiota composition and functionality, leading to dysbiosis and oxidative stress. These changes contribute to various adverse physiological effects, including systemic inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and intestinal barrier dysfunction. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the molecular mechanisms by which these environmental factors induce oxidative damage, emphasising the importance of redox imbalance, the overproduction of reactive oxygen species, and inflammatory signalling pathways. Key pathways involved include NF-κB, Nrf2/Keap1, PI3K/AKT, p38-MAPK, JAK/STAT and TLR4/MyD88. These pathways collectively contribute to the progression of chronic inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, this article synthesises findings from 354 studies published between 2016 and 2024, integrating human and animal research evidence. Existing literature suggests that gut dysbiosis exacerbates oxidative stress through impaired short-chain fatty acid production, downregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, and disruption of antioxidant enzyme activity. This review explores these mechanisms in more detail. Additionally, the review evaluates studies investigating microbiota-targeted therapeutic interventions to mitigate oxidative stress. These interventions include probiotics, prebiotics, polyphenols, and postbiotics, focusing on their reported modulation of Nrf2 and AMPK signalling pathways. The potential of faecal microbiota transplantation as an innovative approach to restoring a healthy gut ecosystem and counteracting pollutant-induced oxidative damage is also discussed. In light of the growing global exposure to environmental pollutants and their associated long-term health implications, it is imperative to gain a deeper understanding of their impact on gut microbiota and oxidative stress. This topic remains at the forefront of biomedical research due to its implications for public health, disease prevention, and developing novel therapeutic strategies.