All-Russian Research Institute for Fire Protection

Craniological traits were compared between hatchery-raised and wild-caught juveniles in the Eizenam brown trout Salmo trutta ezenami Berg, 1948 and the Atlantic salmon S. salar Linnaeus, 1758. Six out of ten meristic traits under study were found to differ significantly between the wild and cultivated samples in either species. Among 39 morphometric trait indices, 22 differed significantly between the S. trutta ezenami samples and 14, between the S. salar samples. Differences in meristic traits between the wild and hatchery samples of the same species were greater than differences between the two species. The differences were most likely determined by differences in environmental conditions, although an effect of size variation could not be excluded completely (cultivated fish were somewhat smaller than wild fish). High plasticity of craniological traits should be taken into account when studying the taxonomy and evolution of salmonids.

A mathematical model for credit debt repayment by a representative rational household has been developed. The model is formalized as an optimal control problem with a noncompact geometric control constraint and a nonfixed time horizon. An existence theorem for solutions in the class of functions admitting impulse control has been proved. Necessary optimality conditions in the form of Pontryagin’s maximum principle have been investigated. Optimality conditions for the early debt repayment regime have been derived.

This article examines the phenomenon of telephone fraud as one of the most widespread and rapidly growing forms of criminal activity in the context of public digitalization. It is argued that this type of illegal activity not only poses a criminal legal problem but also a threat to social stability, the psychological safety of citizens, and the sustainability of organizational information systems. This article examines the key psychological techniques of suggestion and social pressure used actively by criminals to influence victims, namely imitating authoritative sources, manipulating fear or urgency, and substituting trust in official structures. The work reveals the complexities associated with the legal classification of these actions under Russian criminal law. Russian court practice from 2021 to 2024 is systematized and analyzed. This enabled to identify gaps in legislation and the heterogeneity of law enforcement practices. International judicial practice is also examined, including cases heard in the European Union and the USA, which emphasize compensation for damages to victims and the use of specialized mechanisms to protect against social engineering. A comparative analysis reveals trends and potential areas for improvement in Russian legislation. The study places particular emphasis on issues of protection of victims’ rights and compensation for damages, and examines practical measures to combat telephone fraud. It is concluded that an effective solution to the problem will only be possible through the integration of legal, psychological, and cybersecurity approaches.

Statistical data about the number of fires, fire deaths and fire injures occurred in the Russian Federation in 2013–2024 in buildings and structures are analyzed. The data about the number of fires from various causes during the time interval under consideration are given. It has been established that most of the fires in buildings and structures since 2021 were caused by violations of the rules of the construction and operation of electrical equipment. The largest share of such fires is typical for public buildings, structures. Number of fires due to these causes at industrial facilities, warehouses exceeded 50 %, in buildings, structures in the residential sector it is approaching this mark. In 2019–2022, electrical wiring became source of 65–66 % of these fires. In 2023, the corresponding value increased to 78 %, in 2024 – to 81 %. In order to reduce the number of fires caused by electrical equipment and their consequences the measures for realization by various state and local government bodies, as well as enterprises, organizations, citizens are offered.

The article considers some possibilities of creating new fire-resistant copolymers based on allyl monomers and quaternary phosphonium salts. Kinetic regularities and mechanisms of the copolymerization process are revealed. The study of the fire-protective characteristics of the copolymers showed that they are fire-resistant.

In order to counter modern threats, knowledge and ablity to act in the face of emerging dangers are necessary. It is not possible to solve these problems without proper training of the population, including the younger generation, in the field of life safety. The development of the modern education system involves the introduction of modern technologies and innovative educational projects into the educational process, including immersive teaching methods. Immersive learning is the most effective and safe way to develop sustainable skills for safe behavior in various emergency and dangerous situations. The aim of this study is to increase the level of training of the younger generation in the field of life safety. To achieve the aim set, the authors: analyzed the main normative legal acts regulating the issues of training the population in the field of life safety; studied previously completed scientific papers and publications in this field of research; the problematic issues of training the younger generation in the field of life safety are considered; identified the most effective ways of training the younger generation based on the use of modern technologies. To solve the identified problems and achieve the research aim, the authors propose using the latest achievements and trends in the educational environment to develop a unique educational product – the mobile educational laboratory «Country of Safety». The paper substantiates the relevance and effectiveness of the creation and use of a mobile training laboratory in the education system, analyzes the experience of using similar complexes on the topic of road safety in Moscow and the Moscow region. The main emphasis is put on the organization of practical training of the younger generation on the basis of a mobile educational laboratory using game forms of learning, virtual reality technologies and environment modeling using 3D visualization. As conclusions, the planned results of the development and implementation of the mobile training laboratory «Country of Safety» in the activities of both the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia and educational organizations are proposed.

Методы и средства тушения наиболее распространенных горючих жидкостей, таких как дизельное топливо, бензин и т. д. (водонерастворимые углеводороды), в большинстве случаев неэффективны при ликвидации пожаров водорастворимых полярных жидкостей. Большое влияние оказывают их физико-химические свойства. В современных нормативных документах определены способы и средства тушения полярных горючих жидкостей, однако научно подтвержденные нормативные числовые значения отсутствуют либо основываются на маломасштабных очагах пожара. На основании анализа зарубежной и отечественной нормативно-технической литературы, а также проведенных исследований в этом направлении определены основные постулаты для разработки методики проведения огневых испытаний. Полученные в ходе исследований экспериментальные и научно-обоснованные данные лягут в основу положений нормативного документа «Склады хранения водорастворимых жидкостей. Требования пожарной безопасности». Methods and means for extinguishing the most common flammable liquids such as diesel fuel, gasoline, etc. (water-insoluble hydrocarbons), in most cases are not effective in extinguishing fires of water-soluble polar liquids. Their physico-chemical properties have a great influence. Modern regulatory documents define methods and means for extinguishing polar flammable liquids, but there are no scientifically confirmed normative numerical values or they are based on small-scale fire foci. Based on the analysis of foreign and domestic regulatory and technical literature, as well as research conducted in this field, there are determined the main postulates for the fire tests methodology. The scientifically based data obtained during the research will form the basis for the provisions of the regulatory document «Storage warehouses for water-soluble liquids. Fire safety requirements».

В статье рассмотрены наиболее популярные применяемые в комплекте с канатно-спускными устройствами пожарными спасательные системы (обвязки). Проведено ранжирование спасательных систем по эксплуатационным характеристикам. Поставлена задача о необходимости разработки национального стандарта на спасательные системы. The article discusses the most popular rescue systems (harnesses) used in a set with rope descent fire devices. The ranking of rescue systems by operational characteristics is carried out. The need to develop a national standard for rescue systems is identified.

Relevance. The personnel profiles, turnover rates, and shortage of human workforce have a significant impact on work efficiency, including the risk of occupational injury, among the Federal fire service (FFS) officers of the EMERCOM of Russia. The objective is to analyze the profiles of fire and rescue officers and their individual characteristics by region to identify any associations with occupational injury rates among the EMERCOM FFS personnel.Methods. The research relies on occupational injury statistics for the EMERCOM FFS personnel collected over 3 years from 2021 to 2023. Occupational injury rates are calculated per 10,000 FFS personnel for every Russian Federation constituent. Personnel profiles included average age, service duration, personnel turnover, shortage, education (professional or vocational, including a degree in fire safety engineering), and other employee parameters. Per capita gross regional product was considered for every Russian Federation constituent.Results and analysis. The factor analysis was based on the matrix of synthetic indicators, eventually producing seven significant factors responsible for 75.2 % of the total variance. Factor 3 is associated with the level of occupational injuries. The injury rate does not significantly contribute to other factors. In 2021–2023 the annual injury rate among the EMERCOM of Russia FFS personnel was (8.56 ± 1.02) cases per 10,000 people. All the constituents were split in three color-coded groups by injury rate – the green group for optimal rate, the yellow group for acceptable rate, and the red group for elevated rate. In each group, the average injury rates and assessments for personnel and region profiles were obtained to calculate the χ2 test and determine the indicators that most significantly affect occupational injury rates. The analysis showed that among the EMERCOM of Russia FFS personnel, occupational injury rates are higher in constituents with larger numbers of first responders (therefore, a larger share of firefighting commanders among the FFS personnel) and officers with a degree in fire safety engineering. The injury rate is also higher in constituents with greater workforce.Conclusion. Taking into account the dangerous and risky working conditions of the EMERCOM FFS personnel, firefighter professionalism requires further improvement and promotion to meet current fire and emergency prevention criteria, eliminate consequences, and develop innovative and flexible personnel solutions, allowing to maximize performance and overcome emerging problems.

В данной работе рассматривается создание многофункционального робототехнического комплекса пожаротушения тяжелого класса с улучшенными тактико-техническими характеристиками на гусеничном шасси, который предназначается для ликвидации техногенных аварий и пожаров, сопряженных с рисками гибели и травматизма личного состава, проведения разведки в очагах возникновения пожаров и доставки в очаг пожара огнетушащих средств. При соответствующем дооснащении его планируется использовать при ликвидации последствий аварий, отягощенных химическим и радиационным загрязнением и работе с взрывоопасными предметами. In this paper there is considered the creation of a multifunctional heavy-duty robotic fire extinguishing complex with improved tactical and technical characteristics on a tracked chassis. It is designed to eliminate man-made accidents and fires associated with the risks of fatalities and injury of personnel as well as to conduct reconnaissance in fire seats and to deliver fire extinguishing agents to them. With appropriate retrofitting, it is planned to use this system during elimination of the consequences of accidents with chemical and radiation pollution and work with explosive objects.