All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Grain and Products of its Processing

Due to the different approach to the Russian and European flour milling process in Russia, the amount of damaged starch (SC) at flour mills is rarely controlled. This issue needs a comprehensive study, since the indicator of damaged starch is of great importance: its assessment allows determining the intended purpose of flour (bread baking, confectionery and pasta production). Manage the flour-grinding process in terms of monitoring the operation of the mill rolls during grinding, namely, checking their parallelism and wear, optimizing the gap and pressure. Flour with a high content of damaged starch should not be used for the same purpose as flour with a low content of damaged starch. Also, the assessment of the damaged starch index allows improving the dough yield by selecting the optimal water absorption coefficient (water absorption), optimizing the volume, color and shelf life of the finished flour products. At the initial stage, the purpose of the study was to identify the relationship between the amount of damaged starch and flour quality indicators, as well as the rheological properties of dough from laboratory flour and industrial grinding, and to further clarify the level of damaged starch on a large number of samples of flour of different quality according to its intended purpose. The available literature data on this issue are contradictory. The amount of damaged starch in flour was determined on a damaged starch analyzer. The following were also determined: the quantity and quality of gluten, the falling number, dough stability, liquefaction, water absorption of 20 samples of wheat flour of laboratory and industrial grinding. The results of the study showed that the amount of damaged starch in industrial milled flour was higher, and amounted to 20-27 UCD (average 24 UCD) versus 15-21 (average 18 UCD) in laboratory milled flour. A correlation was found only in industrial milling flour between damaged starch and the falling number (0.632), liquefaction (0.781) and water absorption (0.690). In industrial flour, with an increase in the amount of damaged starch, there was an increase in water absorption and liquefaction of the dough, which is consistent with the literature data; there was no clear decrease in dough stability. In the flour of laboratory grinding, the dependences between the indicators are insignificant.

The concept of adequate nutrition envisages the compliance of a diet or a multicomponent product with multiple specific criteria, including the balance of proteins, fats and carbohydrates (P: F: C), biological value of protein, the presence of necessary vitamins and minerals in the composition and so on. Adherence to the theory of adequate nutrition is a multicriterion task, which solution in the full measure is not considered possible. The paper examines specific indicators and makes an attempt to construct multicomponent groats that meet two main criteria — protein completeness and balance (P: C). The value of the criteria is based on the recommendations of the Federal Hygienic and Epidemiological Center of the RF. Complete protein corresponds to the minimal essential amino acid (EAA) score not lower than one. The B: C ratio, in general, depends on a human gender, age and physical load. The B: C was taken as averaged for men of different ages and different physical loads. In this study, traditional groats (fine-ground barley, rice, maize, millet), groats from grains of leguminous crops (chickpea, lentil, kidney bean, pea) and oil seeds (flax, hemp) were examined as ingredients. Using the computational method and data on the nutritional value of food products from several databases, the authors developed recipes of two- and threecomponent groats that meet the indicated criteria. The proportion of leguminous and oil crops in the obtained mixtures is 17–45%, which can affect taste of porridge. During the study, tasting of fine-ground barley porridge with addition of chickpea and lentil upon legume addition at a level of 10–35% was carried out. The porridge taste remained to be pleasant even at the maximum level of legume addition. Off-flavor typical of legumes was absent.

The term “keyless cryptography” as it is commonly adopted, applies to secure message transmission either directly without any key distribution in advance or as key sharing protocol between communicating users, based on physical layer security, before ordinary encryption/decryption procedures. In the current chapter the results are presented concerning to keyless cryptography that have been obtained by authors recently. Firstly Shamir’s protocol of secure communication is considered where commutative encryption procedure is executed. It has been found out which of the public key algorithms can be used with such protocol. Next item of consideration concerns Dean’s and Goldsmith’s cryptosystem based on multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) technology. It has been established under which conditions this cryptosystem is in fact secure. The third example under consideration is EVSkey scheme proposed recently by D. Qin and Z. Ding. It has been proven that such key distribution method is in fact insecure, in spite of the authors’ claims. Our main result is a description of a key sharing protocol executing over public noiseless channels (like internet) that provides a key sharing reliability and security without any cryptographic assumptions.

The study describes the peculiarities of the development of uric acid produced by lesser grain borers Rhizopertha dominica during their vital activities in the grain mass. Pollution of grain by insects makes it poisonous. The conventional determination of grain pollution by the number of insects in the intergrain space in several cases (for example, after grain separation) gives a false picture of its actual hazard for human nutrition, which is a possibility for introduction of falsified grain products to the market. This leads to provision of the population with low-quality primary products, which, subsequently, reduces the quality of foods produced from such grain. During their vital activities, insects pollute grain with uric acid, which analysis is proposed as an alternative to the conventional method. The present study is devoted to the determination of the quantitative dependence of uric acid formation in wheat grain on the number of Rhizopertha dominica. It is shown that uric acid formation in grain by this pest is conditioned by the character of its nutrition with the development of a large amount of excrements in a form of fine gray dust with the characteristic odor commonly referred to as “floury dust”. It was established experimentally that the main part of uric acid excreted by the pest is concentrated in “floury dust”. Grain without “floury dust” contains the insignificant amount of uric acid; however, it is closely linked with the density of its pollution with imago Rh. dominica. As grain before milling in milling plants is subjected to thorough cleaning, during which “floury dust” is removed along with other contaminants, it is recommended to sift “floury dust” from grain before determination of uric acid in it.

Human civilization is developing in the regime with aggravation and maximum aggravation in 2025 — 2030. The development instability, the probability of not only unlikely - but also incredible events - global disasters, “Black Swans”, has drastically increased. There are tectonic changes happening in nature and society. In these conditions, more than ever, the importance of the Concept of Sustainable Development has increased not only as a theoretical and intellectual message to the development of humanity in total turbulence, but above all, to practical implementation of this Concept. Firstly, the changes taking place affected agriculture of the countries of the world and Russia, and especially its grain complex. From the perspective of system-synergistic, bioeconomic, cluster and global approaches, the definition to the “sustainable development of the grain complex” concept was developed, the structure of its potential development, a set of measures to increase the grain complex development stability in the format of agroforestry clusters system creation was proposed. The cluster system formation will be a radical tool to increase the stability, efficiency, and competitiveness of Russia's grain economy, weaken global climate change and prevent disasters.

Dependence of mortality of rice weevils Sitophilus oryzae from the natural (synanthropic) and laboratory populations on phosphine concentration was experimentally studied and mathematically described. The index of resistance to phosphine in beetles of the natural population was 2.5.

Experimental research demonstrated the effect of dosage of silicon dioxide-based preparation on mortality of Sitophilus oryzae, S. granarius, Rhyzopertha dominica, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, and Laemophloeus ferrugineus in stored grain.

The present paper features Triticale grain processing. The research involved two Russian cultivars of Tri- ticale grain, i.e. Ramzes and Saur. We investigated two schemes of processing these grain varieties into high-qua- lity baker’s grade flour. The first scheme was reduced and included only the processes of breaking and reduction, whereas the second scheme was more advanced and included breaking, sieving, sizing, and reduction processes. The paper gives a thorough description of the processing schemes, their parameters, and milling modes. A detailed ana- lysis proved the high efficiency of the advanced scheme which presupposed the use of sieve purifiers. Their expe- diency was determined by the specifics of break dunst products at breaks I, II, and III. The Triticale flour varie- ties were produced by mixing various flows of the central, intermediate, and peripheral parts of the Triticale grain endosperm. The reduced scheme produced a 40% yield for the Ramzes variety (ash content = 0.70%, according to the State Standard 34142-2017*), while the advanced technological scheme resulted in a 63% yield. As for the Saur variety, the advanced scheme produced a total yield of 78%, which was 0.6% higher than in the reduced scheme. The advanced scheme resulted in a 46% yield of the T-60 flour variety, which had the lowest ash content among all the va- rieties of Triticale flour, whereas the reduced scheme failed to produce the flour of this variety. The experiment also involved the first-ever study of the rheological properties of Triticale flour varieties with Mixolab (Chopin Technolo- gies, France). The study revealed significant differences in baking absorption, doughing time, batch, gluten, viscosi- ty, amylase, and retrogradation. The best baking properties were displayed by T-70 and T-80 Triticale flours that were obtained from the central part of the endosperm, both in reduced and advanced processing schemes. However, the advanced scheme proved to be the most effective way of processing Triticale grain into baker’s grade flour.

The paper analyzes the control of regime parameters during grain drying in grain dryers. It has been established that direct monitoring of the heating temperature of grain and its humidity in the dryer column in the grain layer is complicated by the uncertainty of sensor readings placed in the layer, which is caused by a significant difference in the heating temperature of the grain as a thermolabile material and a high-temperature heat carrier. The work considers various methods of preventing fire-hazardous situations and deterioration of grain quality as a result of its overheating by traditional methods by mechanical sampling of grain from a column and measuring its temperature and humidity using dielectric, conductometric or microwave methods of measurement. In order to determine the heating temperature of the grain indirectly by the temperature of the spent drying agent, an installation has been developed. The results of its production tests, the prototype design and technical characteristics are presented. Additional production studies have been carried out to determine the change in the moisture content of grain during the drying process in the grain dryer columns by an indirect method based on the relative humidity of the spent drying agent, as well as laboratory tests on the created testbed. The studies were carried out on wheat grain, grain mixture of wheat and barley, and sunflower seeds. The studies have shown high convergence of results in temperature and good convergence in grain moisture. According to the results of joint mathematical processing of the results of production and laboratory tests, regression equations were obtained for calculating the heating temperature and grain moisture during the drying process using the parameters of the spent drying agent: temperature and its relative humidity.

The results of the experimental investigation of the biological activity of a new biinsecticide in the form of emulsifiable concentrate containing 400 g/1 of pirimiphos-methyl and 10 g/1 of bifenthrin with respect to adults of Tribolium confusum are described. One and 7 days after treatment with biinsecticide applied directly onto insects, the LD-99.9 values were 1.45 ml/m2 and < 0.01 ml/m2, respectively. For insects contacting with treated concrete surfaces, LD-99.9 was 0.27 ml/m2 and 0.1 ml/m2 1 and 7 days after treatment, respectively.