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<strong class="journal-contentHeaderColor">Abstract.</strong> Earth observation (EO) data are used to map tree cover extent, estimate canopy height, detect disturbances, and classify land cover and land use. However, comprehensive global information on forest cover, capturing both physical characteristics and land use components as defined by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), remains limited. Here, we present a harmonized and globally consistent map of forest presence or absence at 10 meter spatial resolution for the year 2020, hereafter referred to as GFC2020. Our approach combines multiple spatial datasets, primarily derived from EO, to harness their complementary strengths within a transparent, flexible, and open science framework. GFC2020 maps 4,562 million hectares (Mha) of forests globally, which is 12&thinsp;% more than the estimate from latest FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA). Approximately 11&thinsp;% (~578&thinsp;Mha) of tree cover is excluded from forest area in GFC2020, primarily because it does not meet the height threshold or occurs on agricultural or urban land. Conversely, around 0.6&thinsp;% (~25&thinsp;Mha) of the area classified as forest in GFC2020 is unstocked, due to forest management practices or natural disturbances such as fire. Based on the reinterpretation of an existing reference set of 21,752 sample units, GFC2020 achieves an overall accuracy of 91&thinsp;%, with 18&thinsp;% probability of overestimating the forest area and 8&thinsp;% for underestimation. Future improvements in EO products, such as better detection of trees in dry and open landscapes, distinguishing natural from human drivers of forest disturbance, mapping tree crops at high spatial resolution or identifying agroforestry systems, will contribute to enhancing future versions of GFC2020. The shift from tree cover to forest cover mapping is not only essential for ecological and climate related applications but also provides new opportunities to support policy needs. GFC2020 (<a href="https://forobs.jrc.ec.europa.eu/GFC" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://forobs.jrc.ec.europa.eu/GFC</a>) is one of many tools to inform the deforestation risk assessments under supply chain oriented regulations such as the European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR). This map is not mandatory, not exclusive and not legally binding.

This paper proposes a Digital Oath framework to engineers and digital actors designing AI systems. The framework consists of an actual oath with defined sets of pledges, as well as a supporting ground in form of a hub of collaborators. The oath with the proposed structure and content, inspired by the Hippocratic Oath, aims to be universal and encourage the digital actor to commit to principles related to the design of the digital systems and values of the human being, the peoples and the communities as well as the environment. It is structured in three sets of pledges, the first has the actor commit to participate and be aware of human rights and of the system being built. The second set contains guardrail pledges that inspire to do no harm. The third set promotes positive ethics, or the design of systems that do good. Furthermore, to address the inevitable complexity of translating principles into practice, the digital oath proposes a hub structure, a network of interdisciplinary professionals, sharing knowledge and situational experiences seeking to document good practices, and define methodologies for ethical AI designs. Within this framework, the digital oath links together the positive ethical commitment of the singular person and the collaborative deliberation to make sure AI design is centered on the human, the peoples and the communities. Through motivation, intention and collaboration, the digital oath framework is a step-by-step all-responsible end-user-oriented approach to building positive human-centered positive AI systems.

We have quantified inputs and fate of nutrients in European fresh and marine waters from 1990 to 2018. We have used the conceptual model GREEN to assess the impact of efforts on curbing nutrient pollution in European regions. In the first two decades, i.e. in the 1990s and through the start of the new millennium, nutrient inputs to waters decreased significantly. Nutrient pollution in freshwaters and to the sea largely reduced in all regions, although at different pace. However, around 2008–2010 trends in nutrient inputs changed, marking an increase in the last decade, particularly from agricultural diffuse sources. In some regions, current nutrient inputs to waters are close to those estimated at the beginning of the 1990s. At the end of the study period, nutrient concentrations in freshwaters remain above thresholds congruent with good ecological status of water bodies in most downstream reaches. European policies tackling point sources are close to reach their maximum impact. In the face of this approaching ceiling, sustainable nutrient management on agricultural land becomes pivotal for effective nutrient control in river basins. The regional approach highlighted differences across Europe that may provide tailored opportunities to plan effective strategies for achieving environmental targets.

Abstract A by‐product of energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF)‐analysis consists of using the ratios of selected X‐ray peaks to determine the thickness of multilayered objects. Three different methods were developed in the past, all because the two main K or L X‐lines from an EDXRF spectrum emitted by a chemical element have a distinct energy and are differently attenuated by an overlying layer. This specific subject has many papers dedicated, but only a few considerations were devoted to the limits of these methods, that is, the range, for example, of gold thickness that can be usefully determined by each method. This paper defines these limits in the specific case of thin gilding (with d &lt; 1 μm). Three typical situations were considered, and the following artefacts were studied: two artefacts on gilded lead, where the gold leaf is superimposed to a white lead pigment, both in the painting “La Fornarina” of Raphael, dated 1520 AD, and in the imperial carriage of Dom Pedro II emperor of Brazil. In this last case, the white lead pigment was painted over the wood structure of the carriage; four artefacts on gilded copper, three crowns and a pendant, from the tomb of the Lady of Cao, from the Moche civilization of the North of Peru, dated around 350 AD; finally, an artefact on gilded silver, a vase from the Chavín civilization of the North of Peru, dated around 1000‐200 BC.

Conservation of artworks is of paramount importance nowadays around the world. Clever conservation by using non-destructive testing techniques is highly appreciated by restorers and art historians. Among these, active infrared thermography needs the use of numerical simulations concerning the heat transfer from the heat source into the target. This, in order to gently heat the precious surface by avoiding any type of damage, such as colour changes and/or shrinkage and warpage effects, therefore, the understanding of the nature of the pigments, as well as the mapping of the support and eventual foreign materials is of primary importance in the survey. It is possible to accomplish these tasks by applying, e.g. X-Ray Fluorescence spectroscopy and radiography (X-Ray), respectively. Here, the latter techniques have been used on an ancient marquetry sample. Consequently, a thermographic inspection was performed, while a thermal–numerical simulation was implemented in ANSYS® environment. Numerical simulations were able to visualize some types of defects by calibrating the thermal inspection based on a comparison among defective and sound areas. Results demonstrated how such an integrated method is useful to provide robust information without damage to the work of art under restoration.

TABLE S1 Mediterranean monk seal sightings in Israel (2009–2020). Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.

The aim of this work is the historical and archaeometric investigation of a unique six-colour single-sheet relief print on paper belonging to a private collector. It is undescribed, undated and unsigned, and it depicts Charlemagne enthroned in Aachen Cathedral. The print was tentatively dated to the 16th century based on the style and iconography. This study offers a revised dating based on stylistic analysis of the design and archaeometric investigation of the six printing inks. The methodology consists of the complementary use of imaging and spectroscopic techniques, which are entirely non-invasive and non-destructive due to the rarity and fragility of the object. In particular, preliminary unaided visual analysis, UV fluorescence and IR reflectography were used to investigate the surface condition of the impression and to select the most promising areas for further analysis. Raman spectroscopy and XRF were used to identify pigments and treatments. Our results show that the paper support is in good condition. The pigments of all six inks have been identified. Results suggest that this impression was printed after 1850 and before 1900. In its conception and production, this artwork used then-modern methods and materials to pay homage to the styles and production techniques of the earliest German colour woodcuts.