American College of Dubai

The gender pay gap has been a prominent issue in India. Using panel data from the periodic labour force reports, this paper examines how the gender wage gap affects the female entrepreneurship rate in 36 Indian states and union territories across 2017 and 2024. The paper also focuses on factors such as working time for female entrepreneurs, female labour force participation rate, female unemployment rate, share of females in higher education and state-wise GDP using FGLS regression analysis. Additionally, in order to ensure accurate reporting and interpretation of data, diagnostic tests for multicollinearity, autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity were conducted. The results of the study revealed that there is no significant relationship between the gender pay gap and the female entrepreneurship rate in India, suggesting that income inequality for females does not directly correlate with the female entrepreneurship rate. However, the female labour force participation rate shows a positive impact, while working time, female unemployment rate and share of women in higher education depict an inverse relationship with the female entrepreneurship rate. The gender wage gap remains highly concentrated across states and formal sectors that are generally male-dominated, making it a less relevant factor for women entrepreneurs in India to consider, as they usually start small, informal businesses from home. Future policy implementations should provide access to finances like loans and credits for women, and awareness programs that encourage flexible working schedules and prevent gender-based stereotypes, essential for shaping female entrepreneurship decisions in India.

PurposeGenetic variation underlying rare diseases in Arab populations is poorly understood limiting effective carrier screening for recessive disorders, which are prevalent because of high consanguineous rates.MethodsUsing the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics/Association for Molecular Pathology guidelines, we curated pathogenic (P) and likely pathogenic (LP) variants in 1333 Arab Emirati families (346 internal cohort and 987 from the literature). We also analyzed P/LP variants in 1194 Emirati exomes, calculated allele frequencies, and estimated carrier rates for the associated recessive conditions.ResultsAmong the 1333 families, 1060 had 701 variants meeting the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics/Association for Molecular Pathology criteria for pathogenicity, with 52% and 30% being absent from the Genome Aggregation Database and ClinVar databases, respectively. Independently, we determined the frequency of P/LP variants in 1194 Emirati exomes, as well as cumulative gene-disease carrier rates. The CYP21A2 gene (HGNC:2600) showed the highest carrier rate (10.6%) followed by HBB (HGNC:4827) (9.6%), MEFV (HGNC:6998) (5.9%), and ABCA4 (HGNC:34) (4.3%). Using a provisional gene list for carrier screening, based on our analysis, we estimated an at-risk couples rate of 4% to 21%, which varies across different screening panels recommended in other populations.ConclusionOur findings emphasize the necessity of identifying prevalent diseases in underrepresented populations to develop effective and equitable preventive public health measures, including premarital screening programs.

Large number of patients suffers from urinary incontinence (UI) with COPD leading to urine leakage and affecting their quality of life. Objective: To determine the prevalence and association of UI among with the severity of COPD patients. Methods: The cross sectional study was conducted from February 2023 to June 2023 in Ghurki Teaching Trust Hospital, Shalimar Hospital and Gangaram Hospital. 230 male patients of age 45-65 years suffering with COPD were selected by using convenient sampling technique. The demographic data and International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire- Urinary Incontinence Short Form (ICIQ-UI SF) were used collected. SPSS version 26.0 along with Chi-square was used for analysis with p-value <0.05. Results: The results showed that 36 (15.7%) suffering with mild COPD, 142 (61.7%) had moderate COPD and 52 (22.6%) had severe COPD in which 33 (14.3%) experience have no urine incontinency, 25 (10.9%) had urge Incontinence, 154 (67%) had stress Incontinence and 18 (7.8%) had mixed Incontinence. Additionally; moderate COPD had shown significant association with stress incontinency with Chi-square value of 188.58 and p-value =0.00 and with the leakage of urine on coughing/ sneezing, during any physical activity/ exercise and all the time with value of 143.37, p-value = 0.00. Conclusions: The study concluded that UI is highly prevalent in COPD patients as stress and urge incontinency is highly prevalent among moderate and severe patients respectively, associated with coughing/ sneezing and physical activity/ exercises.

The Philippine education system had undergone a major transformation in the last 4 years. This is a major renovation in the existing number of years in both educational and instructional time. The implementation of the K-12 is perhaps one of the biggest change that shaken the whole Philippine education system. With the move there are many flaws identified that hinders us from becoming even more competitive globally. The implementation of the K-12 plan in the Philippine Basic Education curriculum will elevate Philippine Education to the next level. Because most countries internationally and globally have a standard basic education of 12 years therefore this reform and change is necessary for us to follow. This will provide students sufficient instructional time for various subjects where they can apply their knowledge, skills and abilities. The challenges, changes and issues involved in the process are discussed in this research study in order to enhance and assess its competitive edge

<b>Background:</b> The prognosis of children with SMA type 1 disease has changed with gene therapy (Onasemnogene Abeparvovec). Invasive ventilation for no more than 16 hours is required for gene therapy through Managed Access Program. <b>Objectives:</b> Achieving successful time off the ventilator for a minimum of 8 hours a day to receive the gene therapy. <b>Methods:</b> Seven patients (age 8-60 months) with SMA type 1 and ventilated via tracheostomy were referred for gene therapy. All were not achieving effective 8 hours off the BiPAP. Five patients have previously received Nusinersen. A 360 approach was generated to optimize ventilation including screening for respiratory infection, controlling excessive airway secretions, improving nutrition, adjusting the ventilator settings, and enhancing respiratory physiotherapy. <b>Results:</b> Four patients were treated for respiratory infection. Airway secretions were reduced in all due to the hyoscine patch. Six patients synchronized better with the ventilator when the mode was changed to pressure support (PSV S/T) and highly sensitive trigger. Adding the Safety tidal volume and backup respiratory rate ensured adequate minute volume without increasing the risk of barotrauma. Succeeding to normal gas exchange and chest expansion permitted generous lung reserve allowing gradual weaning off the ventilator for a minimum of 8 hours. All patients received the gene therapy within two months post referral. Three patients managed 12 hours per day off the ventilator in two months post Gene therapy. <b>Conclusions:</b> SMA type 1 children with long-term invasive ventilation may tolerate and benefit from gene therapy with a holistic approach to improve overall health and ventilation.

Chapter Contents: Abstract 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Review of literature 4.2.1 The history of identification and spreading in the world 4.3 Method 4.4 Results 4.5 Discussions 4.6 Precautions 4.7 Conclusions and future scope Acknowledgment References

A new regenerative technique is described that enabled in situ formation of soft tissue bridge for difficult wounds, which otherwise needed flaps, resulting in complete healing in 3/3 cases. The wounds were debrided till healthy bleeding and covered with a triple-layer matrix of platelet-rich fibrin gel, condensed liposuctioned autologous fat, and porous collagen dressing. Negative pressure wound therapy was applied after 48 hours for 4-5 days in 2 cases and after 11 days for 3 weeks in the third case. Rapid vascularization was noted, with regeneration of mature tissue bridge and subsequent epithelization even over the bone. One patient underwent elective replacement of healed epithelium by split skin graft for better aesthetics and durability. This technique, if further validated, may herald a new concept of in situ regeneration, namely transformation of autologous tissue (grafted in gel form) to viable soft tissue.

In recent years, applications of machine learning have grown rapidly in various areas. With the accelerating rate of data generation, and recent developments in big data analytics, machine learning has become a de facto standard in many applications that benefited the society in many areas. However, with the increasing number and types of machine learning applications, it has become a target for an increasing number of malicious actors. Security challenges became more complex and diverse in machine-learning-based systems.In this paper, we present a concise survey and discussion of the mechanisms employed by attackers to exploit vulnerabilities in machine learning algorithms or injecting malicious data. The paper focuses on most recent attacks reported in literature and discusses the methods proposed to counter these attacks and reduce their impact.

AimsTo determine the effects of early sacral neuromodulation (SNM) and pudendal neuromodulation (PNM) on lower urinary tract (LUT) function, minipigs with complete spinal cord injury (cSCI) were analyzed. SNM and PNM have been proposed as therapeutic approaches to improve bladder function, for example after cSCI. However, further evidence on efficacy is required before these methods can become clinical practice.MethodsEleven adults, female Göttingen minipigs with cSCI at vertebral level T11‐T12 were included: SNM (n = 4), PNM (n = 4), and SCI control (SCIC: n = 3). Tissue from six healthy minipigs was used for structural comparisons. Stimulation was started 1 week after cSCI. Awake urodynamics was performed on a weekly basis. After 16 weeks follow‐up, samples from the urinary bladder were taken for analyses.ResultsSNM improved bladder function with better capacities and lower detrusor pressures at voiding and avoided the emergence of detrusor sphincter dyssynergia (DSD). PNM and untreated SCI minipigs had less favorable outcomes with either DSD or constant urinary retention. Structural results revealed SCI‐typical fibrotic alterations in all cSCI minipigs. However, SNM showed a better‐balanced distribution of smooth muscle to connective tissue with a trend towards the reduced progression of bladder wall scarring.ConclusionEarly SNM led to an avoidance of the emergence of DSD showing a more physiological bladder function during a 4 month follow‐up period after cSCI. This study might pave the way for the clinical continuation of early SNM for the treatment of neurogenic LUT dysfunction after SCI.