American International Medical University

Abstract Disclosure: S. Sahu: None. T. Jain: None. A.J. Augustine: None. G. Palaniswamy: None. T. Mareedu: None. P.R. Patel: None. B. Padamati: None. N. Koduri: None. A. Dixit: None. Background: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder among reproductive-age women, characterized by hormonal imbalance, insulin resistance, and metabolic dysfunction. Despite growing evidence linking PCOS to cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and chronic inflammation, longitudinal studies examining the direct association between PCOS and cardiovascular disease (CVD) remain limited. Women under 40 with PCOS face an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease due to metabolic and hormonal imbalances. Key risk factors include insulin resistance, obesity, and hypertension. Lifestyle interventions and management of weight and diabetes are essential strategies to reduce this risk. While PCOS is associated with increased cardiovascular risk, further research is needed to fully understand the independent effects of PCOS on CVD. This study aims to evaluate the long-term cardiovascular risk in women diagnosed with PCOS through a retrospective cohort analysis and address this research gap.Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted using a dataset comprising 1,000 women aged 18-40, with 500 diagnosed with PCOS and 500 age-matched controls without PCOS. Key cardiovascular risk markers, including systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), lipid profile (LDL, HDL, triglycerides), fasting glucose, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP), were compared between groups. T-tests were used for continuous variables, and a chi-square test was performed to assess the association between PCOS and CVD. Additionally, logistic regression was conducted to evaluate PCOS as an independent predictor of CVD after adjusting for confounders such as BMI, smoking status, and physical activity.Results: Women with PCOS exhibited significantly higher systolic BP (p < 0.01), LDL cholesterol (p < 0.001), triglycerides (p < 0.001), fasting glucose (p < 0.01), and CRP (p < 0.001) compared to controls. The prevalence of CVD was markedly elevated in the PCOS group (chi-square test, χ² = 26.24, p < 0.0001), suggesting a strong association between PCOS and cardiovascular risk. Logistic regression confirmed that PCOS remained an independent predictor of CVD (OR: 2.45, 95% CI: 1.78–3.42, p < 0.001) even after adjusting for confounders.Conclusion: This study provides compelling evidence that PCOS is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease, independent of BMI and lifestyle factors. The elevated levels of atherogenic lipids, blood pressure, and inflammatory markers in PCOS patients underscore the urgent need for early cardiovascular screening and risk management in this population. Future research should focus on long-term interventions to mitigate CVD risk in women with PCOS and further clarify the independent role of PCOS in cardiovascular outcomes. Presentation: Saturday, July 12, 2025

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a formidable global health concern with a dire prognosis, highlighting the critical need for early detection strategies. This systematic review delves into the potential of salivary biomarkers as a non-invasive means for identifying PDAC at its incipient stages. Saliva's proximity to the circulatory system enables the detection of tumor-derived biomolecules, making it an ideal candidate for mass screening. The analysis of three selected studies reveals promising candidates such as Neisseria mucosa, Fusobacterium periodonticum, polyamines, and specific long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Notably, polyamines like spermine show potential in distinguishing PDAC, while lncRNAs HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR) and plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 (PVT1) exhibit superior sensitivity and specificity compared to traditional serum markers. However, challenges, including small sample sizes and a lack of validation, underscore the need for standardized diagnostic panels and large-scale collaborative studies. Advancements in nanotechnology, machine learning, and ethical considerations are crucial for harnessing the diagnostic potential of saliva. The review emphasizes the imperative for extensive clinical trials to validate salivary biomarkers, ensuring not only diagnostic accuracy but also cost-effectiveness, patient compliance, and long-term benefits in the realm of PDAC screening. Longitudinal studies are recommended to unravel temporal changes in salivary biomarkers, shedding light on disease progression and treatment response.

Stroke, a major cause of disability worldwide, necessitates comprehensive rehabilitation, with nutrition playing a pivotal role in recovery. Our systematic review assesses the impact of nutritional interventions on stroke survivors' rehabilitation. Adhering to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus, using keywords related to stroke rehabilitation and nutrition. Studies were selected based on criteria emphasizing dietary interventions and their effect on functional recovery in stroke patients. The review involved detailed data extraction and synthesis, covering study design, participant characteristics, interventions, and outcomes. Five studies met our inclusion criteria, encompassing longitudinal and prospective studies, retrospective cohorts, and randomized controlled trials. These studies highlighted the importance of early nutritional assessment, particularly for sarcopenic patients, and the role of energy and protein intake soon after a stroke. Findings indicated high nutritional risk correlated with poorer functional outcomes and increased inflammation. Tailored dietary support appeared beneficial for muscle mass maintenance and overall functional recovery, especially in older patients. Our review emphasizes the critical role of nutritional interventions in stroke rehabilitation. It suggests that personalized nutritional strategies can positively impact functional recovery, notably in older and nutritionally vulnerable stroke survivors. These insights underscore the necessity of integrating dietary assessments and interventions into standard stroke rehabilitation protocols, advocating a holistic approach to patient care.

Introduction: Gallbladder and biliary diseases (GBDs) are some of the most common issues in the digestive system. They are likely to remain a common reason for consultation in primary care. This study was designed to understand the incidence, mortality, and disability from 1990-2019 using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 (GBD 2019). Methods: This study utilized data from the GBD 2019, which assesses disease burden and risk factors across 204 countries and territories. We extracted data on GBD incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from 1990 to 2019. Bayesian geospatial regression analysis estimated GBD mortality, and comprehensive stratification by sex, year, and proportional models was applied. Results: The number of deaths has increased for GBDs from 82,430 in 1990 to 124,940 in 2019 (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 107,105-138,614). The incidence has doubled from 26 million (UI: 23-30 million) in 1990 to 52 million (UI: 44-61 million) in 2019. After the geospatial regression analysis, it is observed that the rate of deaths and DALYs has decreased among both genders (male and female) combined from 1990 to 2019 (Deaths: Confidence Interval [CI] -1.3 to -1.2, P< 0.0001, and DALYs: CI: -1.11 to -1.04, P< 0.0001). In contrast, there is an increase in the incidence rate (CI: 0.2 to 0.3, P< 0.0001). Subsequent analyses conducted separately for males and females confirmed decreased mortality rates and DALYs. The number of new cases among males and females has steadily increased from 1990 (Males: 8 million, Females: 18 million) to 2019 (Males: 16 million, Females: 35 million), but the rate of incidence remained high for females (CI: 0.2 to 0.4, P< 0.0001) compared to males (CI: 0.1 to 0.2, P< 0.0001) (Figure 1). Conclusion: The observed decline in mortality rates and DALYs associated with GBDs globally from 1990 to 2019 suggests advancements in medical interventions, such as cholecystectomy. The continuous rise in incidence over the past 3 decades signifies a persistent and escalating public health burden, emphasizing the need for effective interventions, particularly in females, who are at high risk compared to males. Being a female with a high body mass index is one of the most critical risks, thus women should be educated on preventative measures to raise awareness.Figure 1.: Global age-standardized ratio of incidence by digestive disease during 2019.

With an average incidence of 1 in every 18,000 live births, retinoblastoma is a rare type of intraocular tumour found to affect patients during their early childhood. It is curable if diagnosed at earlier stages but can become life-threateningly malignant if not treated timely. With no racial or gender predisposition, or even environmental factors known to have been involved in the incidence of the disease, retinoblastoma is often considered a clinical success story in pediatric oncology. The survival rate in highly developed countries is higher than 95% and they have achieved this because of the advancement in the development of diagnostics and treatment techniques. This includes developing the already existing techniques like chemotherapy and embarking on new strategies like enucleation, thermotherapy, cryotherapy, etc. Early diagnosis, studies on the etiopathogenesis and genetics of the disease are the need of the hour for improving the survival rates. According to the Knudson hypothesis, also known as the two hit hypothesis, two hits on the retinoblastoma susceptibility (RB) gene is often considered as the initiating event in the development of the disease. Studies on the molecular basis of the disease have also led to deciphering the downstream events and thus in the discovery of biomarkers and related targeted therapies. Furthermore, improvements in molecular biology techniques enhanced the development of efficient methods for early diagnosis, genetic counseling, and prevention of the disease. In this review, we discuss the genetic and molecular features of retinoblastoma with a special emphasis on the mutation leading to the dysregulation of key signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation, DNA repair, and cellular plasticity. Also, we describe the classification, clinical and epidemiological relevance of the disease, with an emphasis on both the traditional and innovative treatments to tackle retinoblastoma.-y-wSoSY3DLWKHAp-w4afqVideo

This study provided an overview of the comparison of Child-Pugh scores for the assessment of prognosis in liver cirrhosis. We have reviewed all articles published from 1995-2022 comparing Child-Pugh score and MELD score for predicting prognosis in liver cirrhosis. In the majority of instances, Child-Pugh scores had similar prognostic relevance. However, given their distinct benefits for some specific disorders, additional research may be required to identify the candidates who should use the Child-Pugh score for prognosis assessment and the timing when we should use the Child-Pugh score for prognosis assessment. Although it was originally designed to predict mortality after surgery, the Child-Pugh score is today used to estimate prognosis, as well as the required strength of treatment and the need for liver transplantation. However, the Child-Pugh score is partly dependent on clinical examination, which may result in scoring differences. The Child-Pugh score does not take into account the etiology of cirrhosis, the possible combination of many causes, or the persistence of a destructive process such as persistent alcohol abuse or chronic hepatitis B infection (HBV). Even though its broad sickness classifications render it worthless in determining which patients should undergo a liver transplant first, it is nonetheless widely used

The authors present a rare case of non-anion gap metabolic acidosis (NAGMA) in a patient with chronic kidney disease. We highlight the management, and possible aetiologies that lead to this problem. This case report hopes to allow clinicians to introduce evidence-based guidelines for the management of patients with NAGMA.

Published online: 7 May, TAPS 2019, 4(2), 63-65 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29060/TAPS.2019-4-2/PV2058 Pathiyil Ravi Shankar Department of Medical Education, American International Medical University, Saint Lucia I. INTRODUCTION A. Why This is an Issue of Global Importance Offshore Caribbean medical schools (OCMS) were first established in the late 1970s. In 2013 more than three-quarters of the United States (US) […]

Dermatoglyphics patterns otherwise known as toe or fingerprints are defined as the scientific study of fingerprints or toe prints. This started in 1892 when one of the most original biologists of his time, Sir Francis Galton, a cousin of Charles Darwin published his now classic work on fingerprints. The Ubang community has a total population of about four thousand, six hundred (4600) people (2006 Census figures). They are four autonomous communities vizOkweriseng, New Jerusalem, Ofambe and Okiron. Their dominant religion is traditional religion and Christianity. They are mostly peasant farmers, located at the foot of the Obudu hills in Obudu LGA of Cross River State, Nigeria.This is an amazing Anthropological community where the Men speak Ofre and the women speak Arasere. The researchers were looking out for exceptional dermatoglyphics feature very unique to this community probably because of the unique language variation observed in the community. The researchers also aimed at establishing the qualitative dermatoglyphic features for the community. The ink procedure established by Cummins was adopted in collecting the prints on the palms and fingers of the selected sample size. A total of 800 persons were used for the research (400 males, 380 females and 20 samples were discarded). Inclusion and Exclusion criteria were used to select samples. The simple random sampling method was used in selecting the clusters and the subjects. Data were analyzed using SPSS for windows version 21 (IBM Corporation WY, USA) and Statistical Analysis System, SAS JMP10, user guide statistics, version 10 edition, SAS Institute Inc. Cary, North Carolina, USA. Descriptive statistics was generated for continuous and categorical variables; comparative analysis was done using analysis of variance. The results show a higher distribution of the Ulnar Loop in both Males and Females, followed by the Arches, then the whorls, finally the radial loops. This pattern of distribution follows the pattern of results obtained in various ethnic groups in Nigeria, Africa, Asia, Europe and America where the Men and Women speak the same Language (Oladipo et al., 2009). observed the relationship of Ovarian and Breast Cancers with high whorl percentage frequencies distribution in a population. Also there have established observations of the relationship of high Ulnar Loop percentage distribution with ABO blood group and Rhesus Positive distribution in a population. The research shows a higher percentage frequency distribution of the Arches and the arches have been linked with Myocardiac infarction (Rekha & Senthil, 2012). There is need for Myocardiac infarction screening in the Community as well as other metabolic disorders investigations.