Analatom (United States)

Introduction The liver is the largest gland in the body and shows wide variation in surface features. Knowledge of external features is essential for radiological investigations and during abdominal surgeries. Morphological variation of the liver should be considered for better patient outcomes. Segmental anatomy has received more attention for segmental resection and transplant surgery.The present study aimed to determine variations in external features of the liver and indicate its clinical importance. Materials and method A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 52 specimens of human cadaveric livers, obtained during routine dissection in the anatomy departments of various medical colleges of Gujarat, India. Livers were examined for their morphology (lobes, notches, fissures, grooves), including their variations; pictures were taken; and results were tabulated. Result In the present study, 28 (53.84%) livers were normal in appearance in reference to surfaces, borders, lobes, and fissures. Specifically, 3.84% of livers were found with a very small left lobe, and 1.92% of livers with a large saddle-shaped left lobe. Five (9.61%) livers show the presence of Riedel's lobe, three (5.76%) livers show deep renal impression, and 13 (25%) livers show grooves on its antero-superior surface.One or two extra fissures were present in 28 livers, either present on the visceral surface of the right lobe, between the caudate process and papillary process of the caudate lobe or quadrate lobe. Pons hepatis was found in 10 (19.22%) livers. Tongue-like projection of the right lobe of the liver was observed in five (9.61%) livers, while an elongated left lobe was observed in three (5.76%) livers. Conclusion Livers show wide variations in their surface features. The variations observed in the present study will be of great help to anatomists, radiologists, and surgeons during diagnosis or surgical procedures.

Ticks are important ectoparasites of cattle which are associated with several direct and indirect losses and also act as vector of various pathogenic diseases which is associated with significant economic losses. The present study was conducted to determine the alterations in haematological and biochemical parameters in tick infested cattle. So, twenty-four tick infested cattle were selected for the study and the obtained findings were compared with healthy (apparently tick free) cattle. The analysis of haematology revealed significant decrease (p

Much of the nurse's professional practice is directly linked to caring for the patient's body.Therefore, to know how to take care, you need basic knowledge about its structures and functioning.And this basis, for the development of care actions, is provided through disciplines such as Human Anatomy.The objective of this work was to evaluate the perception of nursing students regarding the importance of the discipline of Human Anatomy, in the undergraduate course at a private Faculty in Curitiba.The methodology used in this research was a descriptive cross-sectional study, with an exploratory quantitative approach, where a questionnaire was applied to twenty-five (25) students of the nursing course, who have already studied the discipline of Human Anatomy.With the result, it was evident that all academics consider the discipline of Human Anatomy important, for the professional life of nurses.Another fact demonstrated was the role of the teacher as a transmitter of knowledge, the vast majority of participants pointed out that both the knowledge of the subject, as well as the methodology and didactic resources used act directly on learning.

Minimum-energy structures of clusters of one sodium atom and as many as three water molecules have been calculated by combining the method of ab initio Monte Carlo simulated annealing with conventional optimization methods. 6-31G* basis sets have been employed, and each structure was optimized at the MP2 (frozen core) level of theory. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Human sera and culture supernatants from human tumors and diploid fetal fibroblasts suppressed peripheral blood leukocyte secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF). The suppressive activities of all three fluids had similar characteristics: each was heat and acid stable, removed by adsorption on immobilized lectins, and abrogated the stimulatory effect of interferon-gamma. Inhibition of leukocyte TNF secretion was observed only when either serum or conditioned medium was added to leukocytes at the initiation of culture; delaying the addition by 2 h failed to suppress cytokine secretion. Suppression by all fluids was also found to be reversible by washing cells free of suppressive activity. Although serum, tumor, and fibroblast culture supernatants inhibited cytokine secretion, they failed to alter the cytotoxic activity of recombinant human TNF on murine L929 cells. This study suggests that factors which can inhibit TNF secretion are present in human blood and are secreted by both fibroblasts and tumor cells. These suppressive factors may play an important role in the regulation of TNF secretion and cytokine homeostasis.

A functional and histologic examination of the effect of the continuous intrathecal administration of bupivacaine was made in five dogs. After a partial laminectomy at L5, a silicone rubber catheter was inserted into the subarachnoid space and advanced 10 cm cranially. A model 400 Infusaid pump, used for drug delivery, was placed in a subcutaneous pocket between the 13th rib and iliac crest. Drug infusions were individually adjusted and maintained at a concentration such that the animal just exhibited slight gait impairment. Daily bupivacaine doses ranged from 5.7-11.1 mg. Infusions were maintained for a period of 3-16 weeks. Light microscopic examination of spinal cord and roots revealed no abnormalities. A focal mononuclear cell infiltration of the leptomeninges was seen in two drug animals, as well as one catheter control animal. One of the 16-week animals had a residual limp upon drug removal. While we were not able to quantitatively assess the degree of sensory motor dissociation, the results of this study suggest that chronic intrathecal bupivacaine infusion through an implantable pump system may be a short-term alternative to intrathecal morphine in the control of cancer pain.

Spectroscopic parameters (De, re, μ) are determined for the first-row transition metal hydrides using better than DZP basis sets at the modified coupled pair functional (MCPF) level. Extensive comparisons between MCPF and complete-active space self-consistent field (CASSCF)/MRCI calculations with natural orbital iterations, and studies with more extensive basis sets, show this level of treatment to supply an accurate and cost-effective treatment of these systems. For the transition metal hydrides, the bonding can arise from either the 3dn4s2 or 3dn+14s1 atomic asymptotes, or a mixture of both. Since the dipole moment arising from these two bonding mechanisms is very different, the dipole moment is found to be directly related to the 3d population. Thus, the magnitude of the dipole moments provide a sensitive test of the wave function, and gives insight into the nature of the bonding.

The potential energy function and electric dipole moment function (EDMF) are computed for ClO X 2∏ using several different techniques to include electron correlation. The EDMF is used to compute Einstein coefficients, vibrational lifetimes, and dipole moments in higher vibrational levels. Remaining questions concerning the position of the maximum of the EDMF may be resolved through experimental measurement of dipole moments of higher vibrational levels. The band strength of the 1–0 fundamental transition is computed to be 12±2 cm−2 atm−1 in good agreement with three experimental values, but larger than a recent value of 5 cm−2 atm−1 determined from infrared heterodyne spectroscopy. The theoretical methods used include SCF, CASSCF, multireference singles plus doubles configuration interaction (MRCI) and contracted CI, coupled pair functional (CPF), and a modified version of the CPF method. The results obtained using the different methods are critically compared.

The bonding in the 5,3Σ− and 3Δ states of FeCO, the 3,1Σ+, 3Δ, and 3 Π states of NiCO, and the 2Σ+ state of CuCO are analyzed using the constrained space orbital variation (CSOV) technique for both (CASSCF) and SCF wave functions. The bonding is discussed in terms of σ repulsion between the metal 4s and the CO 5σ, CO to metal σ donation when there is an empty or partly occupied dσ orbital and metal to CO 2π * backdonation. The bonding is compared for the different metals and between the different states.