Andijan State Medical Institute

Although metallic aluminum (Al) is an attractive back electrode material for cadmium telluride (CdTe) solar cells due to its low cost and suitability for large-area deposition, its low work function has hindered widespread application. To overcome this challenge, we designed and implemented a molybdenum-chromium (Mo/Cr) interfacial modification layer. A comprehensive comparative analysis was carried out to evaluate the electrical characteristics, interfacial transport properties, and device performance of the Al, Mo/Cr-modified Al and Au electrodes. The results reveal that the Mo/Cr interfacial modification layer effectively improves Al-electrode interfacial transport properties and conductivity and also blocks the diffusion of Al atoms. The optimized device with a Mo/Cr-modified Al electrode achieved a champion efficiency of 15.68%, closely approaching 15.88% of the expensive, high-work-function gold (Au) reference and significantly surpassing 13.83% of the Al electrode. Furthermore, it exhibited excellent mechanical adhesion and wear resistance, with a critical load of 0.62 mN, substantially higher than the 0.45 and 0.42 mN for the Al and Au electrodes, respectively. This electrode architecture offers a low-cost, highly durable, and high-performance alternative to noble-metal contacts, showing great potential for facilitating the large-scale commercialization of thin-film photovoltaic technology.

This article examines the connection schemes of radiators widely used in building heating systems and their influence on thermal efficiency. The side, diagonal, and bottom connection schemes of radiators are analyzed, and their heat transfer efficiency as well as their impact on heat distribution within buildings are compared. The results of the study show that the radiator connection method has a significant effect on heat distribution. It was determined that the diagonal connection scheme is one of the most efficient methods in terms of heat transfer performance. The findings also indicate that selecting an appropriate radiator connection scheme is important in the design of building heating systems.

In the discourse of network marketing, central roles are played by key lexemes with positive connotations, such as "freedom," "financial independence," "personal growth," and "opportunity." Within this communicative environment, the seller positions themselves not as a salesperson, but as a "business consultant" or "mentor." This strategy of linguistic masking serves to reduce the customer's natural defensive reaction toward making a purchase. The texts frequently employ inclusive speech formulas, such as "You deserve this" or "Change your life," which are specifically designed to foster engagement and involve the addressee in the interaction process.

Background. Recurrent adenoiditis and sinusitis in children remain a significant challenge in pediatrics due to increasing pathogen resistance. This study aimed to investigate the impact of bacterial biofilms on inflammation chronicity and to find ways to improve conservative therapy outcomes at the Andijan State Medical Institute clinic. Methods. The study included 84 patients (aged 3–12 years) with verified recurrent adenoiditis and chronic sinusitis. Along with standard endoscopic and CT examinations, a microbiological analysis of adenoid vegetation fragments (n=32) was performed using biofilm extracellular matrix detection methods. Statistical analysis was carried out using Student's t-test. Results. Polymicrobial associations organized into biofilms were identified in 68% of children, which correlated with the low effectiveness of standard antibiotic therapy (22.8% efficiency in the biofilm group vs. 74.1% in the control group). It was established that adenoid biofilms provoke the development of otitis media with effusion in 43.8% of cases, creating an infection reservoir inaccessible to conventional doses of systemic drugs. Conclusions. The presence of bacterial biofilms is a determining factor in the recurrence of ENT pathologies in children. The findings justify a shift from massive antibiotic therapy to a strategy of biomatrix destruction and topical sanitation. This approach helps reduce the frequency of unjustified adenotomies and decreases the drug load on the child's body.

Binder-free (BF) homogeneous Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets showing an average crystallite size of 34.59 nm, are deposited on nickel foam (NiF) by chemical vapor deposition process. The MoS2/NiF electrode exhibited a surface area of 109 m2/g, specific capacitance of 2726 F/g at 5 mV/s, charge transfer resistance of 2.36 Ω, and diffusion resistance of 1.16 for 10,000 cycles. The electrode is presented cyclic stability and Coulombic efficiency of 83% and 95% after 10,000 cycles. The capacitive contributions are remained lower than diffusion across scan rates 5-140 mV/s. The assembled device delivers capacitance of 191 F/g at 1.5 A/g, with maximum energy density of 68Wh/kg at minimum power density of 1200 W/kg. The theoretical model simulations is confirmed that the synthesized electrode showed excellent electrochemical performance due to combined current contributions of capacitive and diffusion controlled processes. Therefore, the MoS2/NiF electrodes are suitable for hybrid supercapacitive performance.

This article develops the scientific and methodological foundations for comprehensive monitoring of landscape transformation in the Aydar–Arnasay Lake System based on remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS). The study integrates Landsat satellite data acquired between 1985 and 2024, a digital elevation model, and multispectral indices (EVI, NDWI, LST) to assess changes occurring in coastal, desert, and agro-irrigation landscapes. Long-term dynamic analysis enabled the identification of spatial configurations, development trends, and levels of geoecological risk associated with landscape transformation. The obtained results are proposed as a scientific basis for sustainable territorial management, early detection of degradation processes, and the development of environmentally optimized management measures.

Neural Machine Translation (NMT) can be used as a transformative potential in the education of philology since it allows the automatic interpretation of ancient texts. The method contributes to the maintenance of linguistics and greater availability of classical knowledge. The methods that exist are, however, usually limited by certain problems, including limited parallel corpora, semantic ambiguity, and transfer of knowledge between poorly resourced ancient languages. To address such difficulties, the suggested framework uses Zero-Shot Translation Model (ZSTM), which utilizes multilingual embeddings and transfer learning to understand texts without having to deal with direct parallel data. This model helps to conduct crosslinguistic analysis, helps students to understand the archaic linguistic forms, and allows the real-time educational activities in the field of philology. The results reveal that ZSTM enhances the accuracy of translation, preserves cultural and semantic integrity, and improves the interest of the learners in the manuscripts of the past. In general, the method helps fill the gaps in philological studies and also provides a viable answer to the ancient language in the contemporary education.