Angelus Silesius State University

The beginnings of modern legal education in the Czech Republic began in 1882, with the establishment of the Czech University in Prague. In Czechoslovakia, the Austrian model of legal education was adopted, which survived throughout the interwar period. The aim of the article is to determine whether the education of lawyers in independent Czechoslovakia after World War I differed from the model developed in Austrian times, and to what extent the takeover of power by the communists in 1948 resulted in a break with the previous method of educating lawyers. The problem raised in the article is also the transformation of law education in the Czech Republic over the last 30 years. The author points out that the Czech model of legal education is quite conservative, and after 1998 references were made to institutions known from the period before 1948. At the same time, didactic methods known from Anglo-Saxon countries began to be introduced.

Abstract Subject and purpose of work The aim of the article is to determine which elements of the transport infrastructure in a resort town are considered important by respondents in assessing tourist accessibility. The study focuses on economic and spatial aspects. Materials and methods Exploratory factor analysis was used for the analysis, based on data collected through a CAWI questionnaire from a random sample of 1,000 Poles. Results Four key areas of infrastructure were identified: general, bicycle transport, public transport, and amenities for people with disabilities. Conclusions The transport accessibility of a resort town is largely determined by the quality of the general infrastructure. Tourists prefer individual transport, highlighting the importance of well-developed road infrastructure. Bicycle infrastructure and public transport also play significant roles, especially for tourists who prefer active and ecological means of transport. Amenities for people with disabilities are crucial for ensuring equal access to tourist attractions.

Summary The first aims of the article is to trace the origins of the notion of human dignity in international law. It is emphasized that the concept of human dignity appeared in international law relatively late, in 1940s. and such concepts as “principle of humanity” or “laws of humanity”, used in the 19th century, are not identical with and do not even have to include human dignity. Moreover, a very different concept of “dignity of sovereign states” existed in international law from Vattel’s time until the 20 th century. Nowadays, human dignity appears in international law as a value, legal principle and law. However, the right to dignity is less often explicitly mentioned in international law documents than the principle of human dignity. The minimum content of human dignity appears to include the recognition of the intrinsic value and moral autonomy of every human being.

Background: The present study aimed to explore the relationship between COVID-19 and HRmax during maximal exertion; Methods: The study was conducted on 66 male students aged 17.4 to 24.0 years, 50% of whom suffered from COVID-19. Their body composition was assessed via bioelectrical impedance analysis; their physical activity (PA)—using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire; and their HRmax—using the 12-Minute Cooper Test on a Rowing Ergometer (12-MCTRE); Results: Both the healthy students (G1) and non-hospitalized COVID-19 sufferers (G2) were significantly (p < 0.001) more engaged in PA than the hospitalized COVID-19 sufferers. They had significantly lower body mass, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, and visceral fat level, with the G1 ones also having lower scores of body fat mass, fat-free mass, and skeletal muscle mass (p values: <0.001–0.017). The highest HRmax = 192 bpm was recorded for G1 students, being significantly higher than the values measured for G2 (by 7 bpm), and G3 (by 16 bpm); Conclusions: Men suffering from COVID-19 and hospitalized exhibited significantly lower levels of PA and motor fitness, and had poorer body composition markers (primarily adiposity to the point of severe overweight). This likely explains their diminished HRmax compared with healthy men.

Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) remains the diagnostic modality of choice. The involvement of the cortical bone and adjacent teeth can be easily established via CBCT. Magnetic resonance can be helpful in the estimation of any other soft-tissue tumour spread within this anatomical area. The soft, hard-tissue, or mixed aetiology of tumours requires a differential diagnosis and accurate evaluation. If such pathologies arise, an adequate biopsy or incisional biopsy is essential to evaluate the type of tumour histopathologically. The occurrence of some neural tumours in the oral cavity is rare. Schwannomas (SCs), like some neuromas and other types of neural tumours, are rare and atypical. During clinical examination, a smooth, sponge-like, elastic mass could indicate other small salivary gland tumours rather than an oral neural tumour. Such pathologies of neural origins are quite rare and are uncommon findings in the oral cavity; therefore, their appearance may be conflated with other more typical benign or malignant tumours in the oral cavity. Establishing the status of bone via CBCT, the tooth involvement and the composition of the cortical bone may be helpful for establishing the best treatment of choice. The presented case report describes a rare schwannoma localised at the mandibular retromolar trigone.

Abstract This study aimed to determine the relationship between a week-long sports camp and changes in the somatic and motor characteristics of volleyball players aged 17.98±0.51 years. Potential changes in the participants' somatic characteristics were determined by bioelectrical impedance. The players' motor and psychomotor abilities were assessed (tests: reaction time, grip strength dynamometer, 5 x 20 s interval motor on a rowing ergometer, vertical, approach and standing long jumps). A decrease was observed in body fat mass (difference of 1.0 kg, p = 0.015), percent body fat (difference of 1.16 %, p = 0.008), and the waist-to-hip ratio (difference of 0.02, p = 0.001). An increase was noted in total body water (difference of 1.0 L, p = 0.002), proteins (difference of 0.33 kg, p = 0.001), minerals (difference of 0.12 kg, p = 0.003), fat-free mass (difference of 1.46 kg, p = 0.001), and skeletal muscle mass (difference of 0.9 kg, p = 0.001). In the group of motor abilities, a significant increase was observed only in the grip strength of the left hand. Sports camps can significantly affect the body composition characteristics of volleyball players, but they do not induce significant changes in their motor or psychomotor abilities.

Kolesterol berkaitan erat dengan kejadian penyakit jantung koroner atau PJK. Kolesterol yang terlalu banyak di dalam pembuluh darah akan menyebabkan akumulasi plak kolesterol atau sering disebut aterosklerosis. Pemeriksaan kolesterol lengkap yang meliputi low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), trigliserida, dan kolesterol total dapat memberikan gambaran atau prediktor resiko PJK dengan menggunakan rumus indeks Castelli dan Indeks aterogenik plasma (IAP). Pemeriksaan kolesterol lengkap dilaksanakan bekerja sama dengan Kader Posyandu, Bidan Desa, dan Perangkat Desa dengan jumlah responden sebanyak 48 orang yang terdiri dari 40 perempuan dan laki-laki sebanyak 8 orang. Hasil pemeriksaan menunjukkan bahwa resiko PJK dengan menggunakan indeks Castelli sebagian besar warga memiliki resiko rendah sebanyak 69% dibanding resiko sedang 27% dan resiko tinggi sebanyak 4 %. Sedangkan dengan menggunakan IAP, menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar mengalami resiko tinggi PJK sebanyak 38%, resiko sedang 52%, dan resiko rendah hanya mencapai 10%. Kegiatan ini diharapkan menjadi bahan evaluasi bagi warga agar lebih memperhatikan pola makan yang dapat meningkatkan resiko terjadinya PJK, dengan mengurangi makanan-makanan yang mengandung kolesterol yang tinggi

Tekst prezentuje wyniki wyprzedzających badań archeologiczno--architektonicznych przeprowadzonych w 2015 roku przez zespół pod kierunkiem dr. inż. arch. Piotra Kmiecika i dr. Roberta Szweda. Obszar opracowania znajdował się w najstarszej XIII-wiecznej części Wrocławia oraz obejmo-wał budynek w znacznym stopniu zniszczony podczas działań wojennych w 1945 roku. Pozostałości kamienicy zostały rozebrane najprawdopodobniej w pierwszych latach po wojnie. Późniejsze przesunięcie linii zabudowy północnej pierzei ul. Oławskiej spowodowało brak możliwości przebadania obszaru między pierwotną a aktualną linią zabudowy w ramach prowadzonych prac, ukazując jednocześnie proces przekształceń urbanistycznych, jakim podlegał ten obszar w historii.

Background: Little is known about the anthropometric and physiological profiles of lower-ranking athletes who aspire to rise to the pinnacle of their profession.Aim: The aim of this study was to create anthropometric and physiological profiles of Hungarian male rowers of different age categories (15–16, 17–18, and over 18 years), sports rankings and career lengths.Materials and Methods: Anthropometric and physiological profiles were created for 55 juniors, 52 older juniors and 23 seniors representing seven of the largest Hungarian rowing clubs. One-way independent analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare arithmetic means.Results: Rowers in older age categories were significantly taller (185.0 ± 5.0 cm vs. 183.0 ± 7.3 cm vs. 178.7 ± 7.2 cm) and heavier (81.1 ± 8.8 kg vs. 73.7 ± 8.4 kg vs. 66.8 ± 12.3 kg) than their younger peers, with significantly higher BMI values and larger body dimensions. Compared to younger athletes, rowers in older age categories also covered 2,000 m significantly faster (6.6 ± 0.3 min vs. 6.9 ± 0.4 min vs. 7.5 ± 0.5 min) while developing significantly more power (372.2 ± 53.0 W vs. 326.8 ± 54.5 W vs. 250.6 ± 44.6 W). Similarly, seniors and older juniors had higher values of maximal oxygen uptake and force max (by 6.2 and 7.0 ml/kg/min, and by 263.4 and 169.8 N). Within the older juniors, internationally ranked rowers had significantly greater body height (+ 5.9 cm), body mass (+ 6.1 kg), sitting height (+ 2.7 cm), arm span (+ 7.9 cm), limb length (+ 3.73 cm) and body surface area (+ 0.21 m2). They also rowed 2,000 m significantly faster (–0.43 min, p < 0.001) and had significantly higher values of power (+ 58.3 W), relative power (+ 0.41 W/kg), jump height (+ 4.5 cm), speed max (+ 0.18 m/s) and force max (+ 163.22 N).Conclusion: The study demonstrated that potential differences in anthropometric and physiological profiles are more difficult to capture in non-elite rowers, and that the final outcome may be determined by external factors. Therefore, athletes with superior aptitude for rowing are more difficult to select from among lower-ranking rowers, and further research is needed to determine specific training requirements to achieve the maximum rowing performance.