Apollo Instruments (United States)

Apollo 15 was the first extended exploration mission to the Moon. The data acquired from the Apollo 15 mission constitutes a comprehensive geological dataset, significantly enhancing our understanding of volcanic, impact and other geological processes, and the chronological and thermal evolution of the Moon. Moreover, the Apollo 15 data provide a critical calibration point for the lunar cratering chronology function. This chronology is established through the systematic correlation of crater size-frequency distributions (CSFDs) with radioisotopic ages of samples from the Apollo, Luna, and Chang'e landing sites. Establishing this link between samples and CSFDs necessitates a thorough understanding of the geology of the landing sites. In this study, we present a newly developed, detailed regional geological map of the Apollo 15 landing site, utilizing modern data. Our new geological map enables the identification of homogeneous regions suitable for new CSFD measurements, from which updated N (1) values (i.e., the cumulative number of craters with diameters ≥1 km) can be derived for the corresponding geological units. Furthermore, this geological map addresses outstanding scientific questions, which have been outlined as objectives for the 500-day Hadley Max design reference mission (DRM) ( Daniti et al., 2024 ). The new calibration point obtained from comparing these updated N (1) values with sample ages was found to be consistent with the lunar chronology proposed by Neukum (1983) . This consistency, in conjunction with our previous research, reinforces the validity of Neukum's lunar cratering chronology. We summarize the key outstanding scientific questions identified by the new geologic map as a basis for future human and robotic lunar exploration of the Moon. • New geological map of Apollo 15 site, built with modern data, supports research and future missions like Hadley Max 200-day. • The map defines uniform regions for CSFD measurements, enabling updated N(1) values to refine lunar chronology. • The new calibration point aligns with Neukum's 1983 lunar chronology, reinforcing its validity and guiding exploration.

One major factor for operational safety and planning of human extravehicular activities (EVAs) is the topography of the landing region. During planning for EVAs for future crewed missions, digital elevation models (DEMs) and derived slope maps are often used to place constraints on proposed EVA paths to minimize the slopes and vertical meters traveled. However, the specification of these constraints has not yet been studied in detail and has to date relied on generalized assumptions. The Apollo program was the subject of meticulous planning and execution over an extended period. Our study concentrated on the pivotal aspect of mission planning, namely the topographic conditions of all Apollo landing sites. Furthermore, there are numerous conditions of lunar exploration whose "ground truth" can only be fully comprehended by astronauts who have personally visited the Moon. Certainly, there are technical constraints for the use and operation of equipment and tools, such as suits and instrument carts. However, astronaut observational physiological and psychological experiences and constraints are need to be considered for the planning of successful EVAs. In this study, we examined a variety of data sources, including topographic data, Apollo astronaut reports, audio and video recordings, in order to assess their experience and performance in relation to the topography and slopes along each Apollo extra vehicular activity (EVA). The ability of the astronauts to accurately perceive distances, slopes, and to move with confidence is contingent upon topographic and illumination conditions, as well as the specific equipment that they are required to carry. Future mission planning must take realistic traverse speeds into account, as well as the perception of both real and perceived hazards on challenging traverses.

Enterprise security risk management (ESRM) has continued to gain global acceptance as a management philosophy for the development and implementation of an enterprise-wide corporate security programme. As organisations continue to rebuild and recover from COVID-19, the value of assessing the resilience of an organisation through regular testing of its response to events has gained prominence. There are opportunities to link the development and implementation of a risk-based approach for designing a security programme, to assessing an organisation’s resilience to future events. Organisations can benefit from the complementary approaches of ESRM and organisational resilience once the commonalities are identified and embraced. This paper expands upon the ESRM management approach, linking the concepts of ESRM to the design of a resilient enterprise.

Rehabilitation is a major component of health sciences, and is the process of restoring an incapacitated individual to a normal life through training and therapy. Globally, 2.4 billion people may currently require rehabilitation. In 60 to 70% of countries, existing rehabilitation services have been disrupted due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Even after lockdowns and with vaccinations, some form of physical distancing is likely to be part of the new normal. Concurrently, there is an exponential growth of telehealth. This global overview will demonstrate that telerehabilitation (TR) is likely to be a distinct stand-alone sub-specialty of telehealth. Details of setting up TR, methods, and components are discussed, and clinical indications, limitations, advantages, disadvantages, challenges, and barriers to implementation and technological advances in TR are highlighted followed by an in-depth study of the literature from India.

Effects of attention have been widely tested in low precision tasks that discriminate quite different stimuli (i.e., horizontal and vertical pattern orientations), but far less often in high precision tasks that discriminate similar stimuli (i.e., with very similar angles). Without explicitly testing higher precision tasks and an associated observer model, effects of attention on the asymptotes of psychometric functions lack a principled account. Here we show that an elaborated perceptual template model (ePTM; Jeon et al, 2009; Liu et al, 2009) identifies the mechanisms of dual-object attention—deficits in reporting one feature each for two objects compared to two features of one object. Dual object conditions report the orientation of one Gabor object and phase of another; single object conditions report orientation and phase of the same object. Object attention effects were examined in a large data set comprising dual object and single object tests, each with a family of psychometric functions in six different levels of external noise, yielding threshold versus external noise curves for modestly high precision judgments of Gabor orientation and phase. The ePTM accounts for 84 conditions each for phase and orientation judgments (2 object x 6 external noise x 7 Gabor contrast conditions) by a narrowing of the attended template compared to the unattended template—resulting in both asymptotic effects of attention in all conditions and substantial effects across the psychometric function in high external noise associated with external noise filtering. The ePTM, composed of two overlapping templates, nonlinearity, internal multiplicative and additive noise, and decision, provides a principled account of patterns of the effects of attention on the psychometric function sometimes associated with response and contrast gain. The use of higher precision judgments revealed the impact of the narrowing of the attention template in the dimension of judgment on the asymptotes of psychometric functions. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2014

Predictive analytics techniques applied to a broad swath of student data can aid in timely intervention strategies to help prevent students from failing a course. This paper discusses a predictive analytic model that was created for the University of Phoenix. The purpose of the model is to identify students who are in danger of failing the course in which they are currently enrolled. Within the model's architecture, data from the learning management system (LMS), financial aid system, and student system are combined to calculate a likelihood of any given student failing the current course. The output can be used to prioritize students for intervention and referral to additional resources. The paper includes a discussion of the predictor and statistical tests used, validation procedures, and plans for implementation.

The identification of two attributes of a single object exceeds the identification of the same attributes, one in each of two objects. If focusing attention on one object narrows the tuning of the perceptual template, the effect should be magnified when the similarity of the alternatives fall on the rapidly changing portion of the template where performance is most sensitive to changes tuning. Recent results suggest that attention effects depend on discrimination precision. The goal of the current project was to extend the taxonomy of attention by quantitatively examining the interaction between focusing attention and judgment precision. Observers made moderately precise judgments of the orientation (±10°) and phase (center light/dark) of one Gabor object or the orientation of one and the phase of another in six levels of external noise. The objects appeared at 7 deg eccentricity left and right of fixation. The family of contrast psychometric functions in different external noises showed object attention effects at all contrasts, with a magnitude that varied considerably across observers. An elaborated perceptual template model, the ePTM (Jeon, Lu, & Dosher, 2009), that deals with non-orthogonal stimuli, accounts for the full family of contrast psychometric functions in both single-object and dual-object conditions for these moderately precise discriminations, providing a direct test of template sharpening. The ePTM framework provides a systematic account of object attention and the joint effects of external noise, contrast, and orientation difference, with object attention resulting in narrower tuning and therefore higher asymptotic performance across external noise levels and a reduced effect of external noise, as suggested by (Liu, Dosher, & Lu, 2009). Object attention affects the tuning of the template and excludes external noise with its impact dependent upon judgment precision. The attention-precision framework provides an explanation of variation in the magnitude of attention effects in different tasks.