Argyll and Bute Hospital

Vaccination in patients with advanced chronic liver disease (ACLD) is an essential part of their comprehensive healthcare. These individuals may have impaired phagocytic function and diminished production of opsonizing antibodies, resulting in increased susceptibility to bacterial infections, particularly pneumococcal pneumonia. Similarly, there is an increased risk of fulminant hepatitis due to hepatitis A and B viruses. The Ministry of Health updated specific vaccination recommendations for this group in 2018.

The non‐breeding season presents significant energetic challenges to birds that breed in temperate or polar regions, with clear implications for population dynamics. In seabirds, the environmental conditions at non‐breeding sites drive food availability and the energetic cost of regulatory processes, resulting in variation in diet, behaviour and energetics; however, very few studies have attempted to understand if and how these aspects vary between populations. We investigated whether non‐breeding location influenced diet, behaviour and energetics in the common guillemot Uria aalge . We studied guillemots from four UK breeding colonies, two located on the west coast of Scotland and two on the east. We quantified non‐breeding distribution, foraging behaviour and activity budgets of 39 individuals from July to March, using geolocation–immersion loggers and time‐depth recorders, and used feather stable isotope signatures to infer diet during the post‐breeding moult. We calculated energy expenditure and investigated whether the peak (an indicator of the potential vulnerability to marine threats) varied between colonies. Individuals were spatially segregated according to the coastline they breed on, with west coast guillemots distributed off the west coast of the UK and east coast guillemots distributed off the east coast. Diet and behaviour were more similar in guillemots that shared a breeding coastline than those that did not, as west coast guillemots foraged at a lower trophic level, spent less time diving and engaged in more pelagic foraging than east coast guillemots. However, energy expenditure was remarkably similar between colonies, peaking during late February/early March, indicating that, during our study period, there was high synchrony between colonies in the timing of potential vulnerability to marine threats. Therefore, any anthropogenic changes that result in decreased food availability or increased energy expenditure during late winter may have greater impacts on energy balance, with consequences for population dynamics.

Abstract Wildlife TV programmes reach very large global audiences, but it is hard to measure their benefits for the natural world. The commercial need to entertain as well as inform means that many films omit the presence and impacts of people, giving the false impression that we do not affect the natural world. Many wildlife film‐makers want to address the linked climate and biodiversity emergencies, but the obligation to be impartial has made some broadcasters reluctant to commission and show films that seek to change people's behaviour. Internet video streaming services are less constrained, but commercial considerations do apply. Privately funded programmes need not be commercially successful or editorially impartial. They can be distributed over the internet, independently of broadcasters. Increasingly, impact producers are being employed as key components in wider campaigns, to maximise their effect. Mainstream TV companies are starting to follow. Making international wildlife programmes entails a large carbon footprint, much of it due to travel. Many broadcasters and production companies are committing to become carbon‐neutral. Programme‐makers would welcome research that helps them maximise the real‐world impacts of their films and quantifies positive changes for nature. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

ABSTRACTThe mental health of children and young people is of increasing concern both to educational psychology and to the Government’s priorities throughout the UK. This paper reports the results of a survey of Scottish educational psychology services regarding views and information about meeting the mental health needs of school children. Services overwhelmingly felt they are routinely involved in a certain amount of mental health work in schools, had confidence in their knowledge and skills and indicated a high demand from schools for their expertise. However, their actual involvement indicated that currently educational psychology is peripheral to this field both in service provision and in influencing policy and strategy. Time constraints and staffing were most frequently cited as reasons for limited involvement in this area. Often the role of services was restricted to indirect work, general advice and onward referral to other agencies. The implications for educational psychology services are discussed.

Abstract Large and long‐lived piscivorous brown trout, Salmo trutta, colloquially known as ferox trout, have been described from a number of oligotrophic lakes in Britain and Ireland. The “ferox” life history strategy is associated with accelerated growth following an ontogenetic switch to piscivory and extended longevity (up to 23 years in the UK). Thus, ferox trout often reach much larger sizes and older ages than sympatric lacustrine invertebrate‐feeding trout. Conventional models suggest that S. trutta adopting this life history strategy grow slowly before a size threshold is reached, after which, this gape‐limited predator undergoes a diet switch to a highly nutritional prey source (fish) resulting in a measurable growth acceleration. This conventional model of ferox trout growth was tested by comparing growth trajectories and age structures of ferox trout and sympatric invertebrate‐feeding trout in multiple lake systems in Scotland. In two of the three lakes examined, fish displaying alternative life history strategies, but living in sympatry, exhibited distinctly different growth trajectories. In the third lake, a similar pattern of growth was observed between trophic groups. Piscivorous trout were significantly older than sympatric invertebrate‐feeding trout at all sites, but ultimate body size was greater in only two of three sites. This study demonstrates that there are multiple ontogenetic growth pathways to achieving piscivory in S. trutta and that the adoption of a piscivorous diet may be a factor contributing to the extension of lifespan.

The significance – and continuing controversy – of the battle of Jutland (known as Skagerrakschlacht in Germany) in the history of both the Royal Navy and the Kaiserliche Marine means it was inevit...

ABSTRACTTwo key areas identified for research are differences in practice between nurture groups and mainstream classrooms, and nurturing approaches in rural and low-density populations. This study compared classroom practice in a nurture group serving a wide rural area with the four mainstream classes to which the five children in the group belonged. The target behaviour was the frequency of use of the six principles for developing attunement – being attentive, encouraging initiatives, receiving initiatives, developing attuned interactions, guiding and deepening discussion. Two 1-h time samples were taken in the nurture group and each of the mainstream settings. The attunement principles, both collectively and for each of the six principles separately, were used significantly more frequently and more consistently in the nurture group than in each of the mainstream settings. The results suggest that teacher behaviour in nurture group and mainstream settings differs in terms of attunement. This study indicates the feasibility of conducting controlled research in small rural settings.

SummaryThere have been many developments in mindfulness-based approaches (MBAs) since the original mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) course was first delivered in the 1980s. There are now a variety of mindfulness approaches, which are used to good effect in a range of psychological and physical health disorders. The addictions field first witnessed the development of relapse prevention techniques more than 30 years ago. MBAs have been adapted for use in relapse prevention and can be offered as a mindfulness-based relapse prevention (MBRP) course. MBSR or mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) courses may also be useful for those with addiction problems. In this article, we describe the MBAs that are commonly offered at present. We highlight ways in which these approaches may be useful in the addictions feld. We also make suggestions for clinicians who may be interested in offering MBAs within their own service.

Abstract Erosion-corrosion is one of the most challenging material degradation processes that occur in engineering components that handle slurries. Materials that can withstand a combination of corrosive fluid with suspended particles are required to extend the service life of hydraulic equipment. High chromium cast irons are favorable for these applications as the chromium carbides improve the wear resistance and usually, good corrosion resistance is obtained. In this study, two white cast irons (a 37%Cr - austenitic matrix and 27%Cr - martensitic matrix) were evaluated along with an austenitic stainless steel (UNS S31600) and a martensitic stainless steel (UNS S42000). The experiments were carried out using a submerged jet apparatus in a testing medium of 3.5% NaCl containing sand particles with and without cathodic protection. The most notable finding was that the relative performance of the tested materials varied by altering the testing conditions. The role of hardness in the performance of the different materials was also investigated.

Anaphylaxis may be lethal. The risk of dying depends on the combined effect of: ▪ Factors affecting the degree of allergic sensitization ▪ Comorbidity affecting the reaction severity ▪ Factors affecting avoidance failure ▪ Factors affecting the chance of successful rescue This chapter analyzes the lethality of anaphylaxis in terms of these factors in the hope of finding ways to increase the chance of survival.