Atlantic Industries (Canada)

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic forced nursing education institutions to abruptly shift away from traditional in-person learning and find alternative approaches to fulfill program requirements. This integrative review explores the various innovative and restructured simulation strategies used by undergraduate nursing programs for lab and clinical courses in response to the pandemic. MethodsWhittemore and Knafl's (2005) five-step framework guided this review. A systematic search of six academic databases and quality appraisal using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool yielded 10 studies for the review. ResultsStrategies identified primarily employed virtual simulation methods using avatars or real people. Additional approaches included flipcharts and simulation-based flipped classrooms. Key themes pertaining to language and culture, immersion, facilitation and skills emerged. ConclusionVirtual simulation was a valuable tool during the pandemic, though not without challenges. Future implications are discussed. This review highlights the need for standardized terminology and considerations for cultural diversity in simulation. Additionally, further research into the effectiveness of virtual simulation as a replacement for in-person nursing clinical and lab experiences is warranted.

There is tremendous variation in life-history strategies among anadromous salmonids. Species that enter the ocean environment at small sizes (< 20 g) are likely under more physiological pressure from pathogens; however, little data is available on responses at these early stages. With this in mind, we performed salmon louse challenges with Coho salmon either immediately after seawater entry (SW; ca. 10 g) or after 30 days in SW (ca. 20 g). Irrespective of size or time in SW, parasites were rapidly rejected by the host, with > 90% of all parasites lost by 16 days post-infection (dpi). Rejection was concomitant with host epithelial granulomatous infiltrations that initially targeted the embedded frontal filament (4 dpi) and the entire parasite by 10 dpi. Illumina sequencing, followed by functional enrichment analysis, revealed a concerted defense response in the fin within 1 dpi that included multiple innate and adaptive immunity components. Strikingly, early indications of an allergic-type inflammatory response were associated with chitin sensing pathways orchestrated by early overexpression of the IgE-receptor, fcer1g. Additionally, there was profound overexpression of several classes of c-type lectin receptors, including dectin-2, mincle, and dc-sign at 1 dpi onward. These profiles and upregulation of cellular effector markers were corroborated by histopathological evaluation, revealing the simultaneous presence of mast cell/eosinophilic granular cells, sacciform cells, macrophages/histiocytes, and granulocytes in fin. At 10 dpi and concurrent with parasite expulsion, there was evidence of immunoregulation in addition to tissue remodelling pathways. At 16 dpi, the response was effectively abrogated. Simultaneous profiling of the parasite transcriptome revealed early induction of chitin metabolism and immunomodulation, toxin production and ECM degradation; however, after 7 dpi, these were replaced with overexpression of stress and immune defense genes. These data present the first evidence for Coho salmon demonstrating chitin- and sugar moiety-sensing as key drivers of salmon louse rejection.

This chapter discusses the need for globally competent police officers in a pluralistic society. It shares the strategies adopted by a police academy in developing police officers' global awareness, critical thinking, problem-solving, cultural competence, and socio-emotional intelligence.

Abstract Atlantic salmon populations have declined in recent decades. Many of the threats to the species during its freshwater and coastal residency periods are known, and management approaches are available to mitigate them. The global scale of climate change and altered ocean ecosystems make these threats more difficult to address. Managers need to be aware that promoting strong, healthy, and resilient wild populations migrating from rivers is the optimal approach currently to reduce the impacts of changing ecosystems and low marine survival. We argue that a fundamental strategy should be to ensure that the highest number of wild smolts in the best condition leave from rivers and coastal areas to the ocean. There is great scope for water quality, river regulation, migration barriers, and physical river habitat improvements. Maintenance of genetic integrity and diversity of wild populations by eliminating interbreeding with escaped farmed salmon, eliminating poorly planned stocking, and reducing impacts that reduce population sizes to dangerously low levels will support the ability of Atlantic salmon to adapt to changing environments. Reducing the impacts from aquaculture and other human activities in coastal areas can greatly increase marine survival in affected areas. As most of the threats to wild salmon are the result of human activities, a focus on human dimensions and improved communication, from scientific and management perspectives, needs to be increasingly emphasized. When political and social will are coupled with adequate resources, managers often have the tools to mitigate many of the threats to wild salmon.

Differentiating detections of a telemetered fish from those of predators that may have consumed that telemetered fish presents problems and opportunities. Previous efforts to classify predation events quantitatively have had to rely on data from unknown states of fish (i.e., unsupervised learning techniques) with the consequence that model performance cannot be refined or compared with alternate models. We circumvent this limitation by analysing acoustic telemetry track data to differentiate movement patterns of tagged striped bass (Morone saxitilis) from those of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts, which were known to not have been predated by striped bass over a 3-year period in the Miramichi River estuary. A random forests classification model (i.e., supervised learning technique) was used to differentiate the movement patterns of these two species and the model was applied to Atlantic salmon smolt movement characteristics to provide an index of striped bass predation-derived mortality. The optimized random forests model inferred that predation rates by striped bass were highly variable between years for two smolt stocks, ranging from 1.9% to 17.5%. Spatial and temporal overlap of the two species is a likely factor defining the between stock and annual variation of predation rate estimates.