Australian Defence College

This chapter explores the development of American grand strategy from 1945 to Johnson administration (1964–1968) with a particular focus on the interplay and tension between the “exemplarist” and “vindicationist” faces of American power. It argues that systemic pressure posed by the threat of Soviet expansion on the Eurasian continent combined with the domestic politics of anti-statism and liberal political culture to forge the grand strategic synthesis of containment characterized by American geopolitical/security expansion into Western Europe, the Middle East, and East Asia and construction of liberal political and economic institutions. It is the major argument of this and the subsequent chapter that it was the interaction between “ideologically induced proactive behaviour” and “structurally induced reactive behaviour” that formed the fulcrum of grand strategy debates and grand strategy adjustment during the Cold War. These debates were from 1945 onward ultimately about the means and not the ends of American grand strategy and demonstrated the manner in which the political cultures of statecraft acted as permissive filters to make certain strategic choices more likely than others. Crucially, due to the consolidation of FDR’s Wilsonian-Hamiltonian synthesis during World War Two, the objective of the US grand strategy of “containment” after 1947 was not simply to ensure an indefinite “balance of power” between the United States and the Soviet Union but rather to “win” the Cold War and achieve the full extension of the political and economic Open Door worlds as the best means of ensuring American national security.

Massive transfusion or major haemorrhage protocols have been widely adopted in the treatment of critically bleeding patients. Following evidence that higher ratios of transfused plasma and platelets to red blood cells may offer survival benefits in military trauma patients, these ratios are now commonly incorporated into massive transfusion protocols. They more closely resemble the effects of whole blood transfusion, which in the second half of last century was largely replaced by individual blood component transfusion based on laboratory-guided indicators. However, high-quality evidence to guide transfusion support for critically bleeding patients across the range of bleeding contexts is lacking, including for both trauma and non-trauma patients. More data on major haemorrhage support and clinical outcomes are needed to inform guidelines and practice.

International conflict and disaster response operations incorporate a diverse, multi-layered series of activities and actors working in the same space, and in contested environments. Differences in organizational culture, language, processes, and behavior can either inhibit or enhance understanding and cooperation. This chapter looks at how the Australian Civil-Military Centre (ACMC) has developed, facilitated, and tested education and training programs, preparedness exercises, and targeted research to enhance understanding and cooperation. These activities provide the foundation for a holistic civil-military-police lessons framework that is being developed. They provide Australian government agencies, military, police, and the aid community with a guide to successfully maintain and contribute their technical expertise and perspectives to respond to conflict and disaster management. Through the continued refinement of training programs, preparedness exercises, and targeted research, this framework looks not only at lessons collection but also at implementation of these lessons in future practice.

Abstract: For defense departments and professional militaries of advanced liberal democracies, judgments concerning future armed conflict are necessary guide force preparation, personnel readiness, and equipment procurement. When such judgments are made in times of economic austerity and geopolitical uncertainty, need for clarity of thought on future of war becomes imperative in determining priorities. ********** It is not primarily in present, nor in past that we live. Our life is an activity directed towards what is come. The significance of present and past only becomes clear afterwards in relation future. Jose Ortega y Gassett While all advanced military establishments engage in intellectual examinations about future of armed conflict, it is often unclear which intellectual methods actually represent best futures practice. In any Western officer corps one can find contending advocates for best interpret future of war. Some argue that lens of human experience--filtered through a Clausewitzian-style of military history as Kritik--is most sensible way forward; others prefer geometrical tradition of Jomini and seek gain better understanding through science in form of operations research and technical experimentation; still others prefer look interdisciplinary subject of strategic studies as a means of revealing holistic insights on armed conflict. Further diversity in professional outlook is often imposed by imperatives of service affiliation and specialized training for separate domains of land, sea, and aerospace warfare. Speculation on future of war may also be affected by demands of hierarchical military culture ranging from idiosyncratic command preferences imposition of short-term strategic and operational goals. Not surprisingly, ad hoc intellectual endeavors can easily dominate military institutions--driven as much by interaction of budgets, personalities, and internal compromises--as by objective mental rigor. Such pressures led American philosopher Lewis Mumford conclude that military establishments represent the refuge of third-rate minds in which institutional thinking can be conformist, sometimes dogmatic, and frequently anti-intellectual. (1) This article probes generic intellectual requirements involved in preparing consider problems of future war. Two caveats are immediately required. First, author makes no claims having uncovered any magic formulae for predictive accuracy about future conflicts. Second, this essay is not a meditation on full sweep of potential future military operations from computers through cyberwarfare climate change. Rather, it is a reflection on conceptual demands of dealing with future armed conflict--what Peter Paret calls cognitive challenge of war--the how think dimension which is most serious problem facing any military organization. (2) The author believes that, for armed forces establishments, futures studies, if properly conceived and conducted, are likely be particularly valuable over next decade. When militaries are faced with an end a long period of hostilities--as is case with United States and its allies in 2014--they must embark on rigorous contemplation of shape of future war. The task is to look ahead, not into distant future, but beyond vision of operating officers caught in smoke and crises of current battle; far enough ahead see emerging form of things come and outline what should be done meet or anticipate them. (3) With these issues in mind, three areas are analyzed. First, provide philosophical and methodological context, development of modern futures studies is explored and its intellectual connections field of strategic studies are highlighted. In second section, role history can play in military futures studies is explored. …

Abstract Australia is at a crossroads. Its long history of relying on overseas trained medical practitioners and the last decade’s changes, in terms of the introduction of policies to recruit large numbers of temporary doctors, both require examination. Not only is Australia alone in its overt policy initiatives but it also fails to be aware of the consequences for some sending countries. Australia has not entered into the spirit of international attempts to ameliorate the potential effects of developing‐to‐developed country medical migration and trade. This paper will provide an overview of the current international situation regarding supply and demand, major ethical issues, Australia’s immigration policies and regulatory framework and the situation with respect to the labour market integration of overseas trained doctors (OTDs). It will be argued that Australia ‘lures’ with little concern for the consequences for source countries.

This article had its genesis in a background study for the development of a new Australian Army counter-insurgency doctrine. Archival research showed that the Australian counter-insurgency doctrine employed in such post-1945 conflicts as Burma, Malaya, Borneo and Vietnam originated in the jungle campaigns of the South West Pacific Area during World War II. The historical record also showed that the Army's counter-insurgency doctrine, as with its World War II-jungle warfare doctrine, was a pragmatic amalgam of Australian experience and British doctrine. The article traces this process through the development of a series of doctrine manuals. It also considers the contribution of key individuals to both counter-insurgency theory and practice. This distinctively Australian approach to the development of doctrine was responsible for producing a highly successful manual, The Division in Battle: Pamphlet No. 11, Counter-Revolutionary Warfare (DIB 11), which the Army used during its involvement in Vietnam.

Economic RecordVolume 36, Issue 73 p. 169-172 THE FRESHEST FIELD Maubice Brown, Maubice Brown Australian Administrative Staff CollegeSearch for more papers by this author Maubice Brown, Maubice Brown Australian Administrative Staff CollegeSearch for more papers by this author First published: March 1960 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.1960.tb00506.xCitations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume36, Issue73March 1960Pages 169-172 RelatedInformation

Economic RecordVolume 33, Issue 65 p. 141-152 THE AUSTRALIAN ECONOMY:A NEW LOOK D. B. Copland, D. B. Copland Australian Administrative Staff CollegeSearch for more papers by this author D. B. Copland, D. B. Copland Australian Administrative Staff CollegeSearch for more papers by this author First published: August 1957 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.1957.tb01284.xCitations: 2AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume33, Issue65August 1957Pages 141-152 RelatedInformation