Austro Control (Austria)

Die neuen österreichischen Ernährungsempfehlungen fördern pflanzenbasierte Ernährungsstile – von omnivor bis vegan – im Sinne von Gesundheit, Nachhaltigkeit und Prävention. Ernährungsbildung soll helfen, diese Empfehlungen praxisnah umzusetzen. Der Beitrag beleuchtet didaktische Ansätze zur Vermittlung evidenzbasierter Ernährungskompetenz – unter besonderer Berücksichtigung kultureller, sozialer und geschlechterspezifischer Aspekte.

This study investigates the influence of hole diameter and hole spacing on the fractionation performance using an industrial scale pressure screen. The objective is to increase the quality of the long fiber fraction during dissolving pulp production by separating cellulosic fines from unbleached softwood sulfite pulp containing 8% (w/w) primary fines (fibrous particles shorter than 0.200 mm fiber length). Different screen basket designs were applied, using the same hole spacing while varying hole diameter, and vice versa. This allowed a comparison of the separate influence of hole diameter and hole spacing on the separation efficiency. Production parameters of screening devices are always a compromise between separation efficiency, runnability/plugging, and throughput. High aperture velocity, high feed consistency and low reject rate were identified as the crucial operating parameters for high cellulosic fines removal efficiency, which turned out to be positive in terms of throughput. Considering the different hole diameters, the industrial trials showed that smaller holes yielded better fractionation results. Whereas reduced hole spacing resulted in a denser fiber network on the screen, reducing the amount of fines and short fibers passing, thereby leading to worse fractionation results. By choosing suitable screening conditions, we found that the weight-weighted fines content was reduced more than 50 percent using a one stage fiber fractionation screen set up under industrial conditions. The lowered fines content in the long fiber fraction is expected to allow a reduced purification effort and a lower chemical demand in the subsequent processes of dissolving pulp production. By reducing the fines fraction, consisting of short fibers, fiber fines, as well as mainly short-chain alkali-soluble carbohydrates (hemicelluloses), improvements in process efficiency and dissolving pulp quality can be achieved.

Abstract Die Europäische Weltraumbehörde (ESA) stellte kürzlich freie Forschungssatellitendaten zur Verfügung. Damit sind auch Erdoberflächenverformungen berührungslos mittels Radarinterferometrie aus dem Weltraum bestimmbar. Gleichzeitig werden sensorlos viele Punkte erfasst und Zeitreihen gebildet. Die erzielte Genauigkeit, im Zentimeterbereich, reicht zwar für Messungen von Erdbewegungen aus, aber noch nicht für Bauwerke. In diesem Beitrag wird ein neues Verfahren für ein Verformungsmonitoring am Beispiel der Schottwienbrücke in Österreich demonstriert. Verwendet werden sowohl historisch aufgezeichnete Satellitendaten sowie Messdaten aus künstlich am Bauwerk angebrachten „Corner‐Reflektoren“, welche mit Fernerkundungsmethoden ausgewertet werden. Ein entwickeltes Modell kann die Bauwerktemperatur auf Basis von Netzwetterdaten sensorlos prognostizieren und zur Genauigkeitssteigerung die thermischen Brückenverformungen kompensieren. Die Jahresmessungen von 2022 zeigen im Vergleich zum Referenzsystem (digitale Schlauchwaage) eine Standardabweichung von 1,7 bis 3,0 mm sowohl mit künstlichen Corner‐Reflektoren als auch bei natürlichen Rückstreupunkten ohne Sensoren am Bauwerk. Somit können mit Satelliten gleichzeitig viele Brücken im Intervall von 6 Tagen erfasst und auch retrospektiv bis ins Jahr 2016 zurück ausgewertet werden. Bedingt durch die zeitverzögerte Prozessierung eignet sich ein Satellitenmonitoring derzeit gut für die Langzeitverformungsüberwachung von weitgespannten Brücken.

BackgroundMultivariate calibration by Partial Least Squares (PLS) on near-infrared data has been applied successfully in several industrial sectors, including pulp and paper. The creation of multivariate calibration models relies on a set of well-characterised samples that cover the range of the intended application. However, sample sets that originate from an industrial process often show an uneven distribution of reference values. This can be addressed by curation of the reference data and the methodology for multivariate calibration. It needs to be better understood, how these approaches affect the quality and scope of the final model. ResultsWe describe the effect of log10 transformation of the reference values, regular PLS, robust PLS, the newly introduced bin PLS, and their combinations to select more evenly distributed reference values for the quantification of five pulp characteristics (kappa number, R18, R10, cuen viscosity, and brightness; 200 samples) by near-infrared spectroscopy. The quality of the models was assessed by root mean squared error of prediction, calibration range, and coverage of sample types. The best models yielded uncertainty levels equivalent to that of the reference measurement. The optimal approach depended on the investigated reference value. SignificanceRobust PLS commonly gives the model with the lowest error, but this usually comes at the cost of a notably reduced calibration range. The other approaches rarely impacted the calibration range. None of them stood out as superior; their performance depended on the calibrated parameter. It is therefore worthwhile to investigate various calibration options to obtain a model that matches the requirements of the application without compromising calibration range and sample coverage.

We designed and tested a Special Aircraft and Air-crew Authorization Required (SAAAR), also known as Required Navigation Performance (RNP) Authorization Required (AR), to Localizer Performance with Vertical guidance (LPV) supported by the space-based augmentation system of GPS approach for runway 33 of Salzburg Airport, Austria. Approach to landing on runway 33 is severely impacted by mountainous terrain to the south of the airport that lies within the runway extended centerline, rendering all straight-in approaches but those based on RNP AR impossible. That is due to the high navigation accuracy available under RNP AR outside of the final approach segment. It makes it possible to keep the obstacle protection areas, which are constructed around the approach path and must be clear of obstacles to ensure the required obstacle clearance, very small so that they do not extend into the terrain. The combination of RNP AR and LPV, in turn, makes it possible to use the more precise angular guidance for the final approach available under LPV while still being able to exploit the significantly smaller RNP AR protection areas in all approach segments. In Salzburg, the resulting improved performance enables us to reduce the minima from 368 ft to 218 ft above runway threshold level. For the intermediate approach, we use curved legs based on a constant radius between two fixes (Radius to Fix legs) that lead onto the final approach course. The approach is coded as advanced RNP with 0.1 nautical mile values for the 95-percent lateral accuracy (RNP 0.1) on each sequence. Level D full flight simulator tests with an Airbus A350 showed that this coding is sufficient to achieve RNP 0.1 performance under all permitted conditions with the approach being presented to the pilots as RNP AR.

Abstract Die Verwendung von Nanopartikeln und nanostrukturierten Elektroden ist in der Elektrokatalyse weit verbreitet. Diese nanometrischen Systeme enthalten je nach Geometrie Elemente des Nanoconfinements in unterschiedlichem Ausmaß, was sich viel stärker auf die Aktivität und Selektivität auswirken kann, als oft angenommen wird. In diesem Aufsatz identifizieren wir zunächst die Systeme, die unterschiedliche Grade von Nanoconfinement enthalten, und zeigen, wie sie die Aktivität und Selektivität elektrokatalytischer Reaktionen beeinflussen können. Anschließend wird ein grundlegendes Verständnis der Auswirkungen des Nanoconfinements auf die Elektrochemie und Elektrokatalyse vermittelt, das dank der Entwicklung neuer, atomar präziser Herstellungs‐ und Fertigungstechniken und Fortschritten bei der theoretischen Modellierung allmählich erschlossen wird. Diese Übersicht soll dabei helfen, die Nanostrukturierung nicht nur zur Vergrößerung der Oberfläche zu nutzen, sondern auch die thermodynamisch bedingten Skalierungsbeziehungen in der Elektrokatalyse zu durchbrechen.

To mitigate the risk of wake vortex encounters during final approach, so-called plate lines have been developed. Wake vortices generated by landing aircraft induce secondary vortices at the plates’ surfaces that approach the primary vortices and trigger premature wake vortex decay. Each plate line consists of several upright plates being installed underneath the approach slope. While the plate line extends perpendicular to the flight direction, its individual plates are oriented in parallel to the runway centerline. To obtain the approval of the authorities for the installation of the plate lines at runway 16 of Vienna International Airport, the plate design had to comply with airport requirements like obstacle clearance, stability, and frangibility. During a six-month campaign, wake vortex behavior of about 9500 landings with and without plates was measured simultaneously by three lidars complemented by a comprehensive suite of meteorological instrumentation. The analysis of over 1000 measured wake vortex evolutions indicates that the plate lines reduce the lifetimes of the vortices in a safety corridor along the final approach by 22–37% depending on the aircraft type. This corresponds to a reduction of vortex circulation by about 50% for the most relevant International Civil Aviation Organization separation (Medium behind Heavy).