Automotive Research Association of India

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The rapid expansion of electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure introduces complex cybersecurity challenges across hardware, software, network, and cloud layers. This review paper synthesizes existing research, standards, and documented incidents to identify critical vulnerabilities and propose layered mitigation strategies. We present a structured threat taxonomy based on the STRIDE model, enriched with real-world attack vectors and mapped to mitigation controls. Our analysis spans physical tampering, insecure firmware updates, protocol-level flaws in OCPP and ISO 15118, and cloud misconfigurations. While prior studies often focus on isolated domains, this work unifies fragmented insights into a cohesive framework. We highlight gaps in current literature, such as inconsistent adoption of secure protocols and limited validation of EVSE identity formats. By aligning threats with industry standards (SAE J3061, NIST CSF, IEC 62443) and scoring risks using CVSS v3.1, we offer a practical roadmap for manufacturers, operators, and policymakers. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research, including experimental validation, blockchain-based audit trails, and AI-driven anomaly detection.</div></div>

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Electric vehicles present unique challenges in electromagnetic compatibility testing due to compact packaging, high-frequency switching systems. This paper presents a systematic debugging methodology for identifying radiated emission and radiated immunity issues in these EV platforms. A comprehensive approach is outlined, covering radiated emission measurement; Bulk Current Injection based immunity simulation, and near-field probing techniques. For RI evaluation, BCI testing in the 20 to 400 MHz range is used to simulate radiated threats on the vehicle's power and signal harnesses and handy transmitter near field injections for higher frequency simulation. For RE diagnosis, conducted emission measurements on vehicle harnesses are performed using current probes to capture high-frequency currents. Additionally, near-field electric probes are used at the component to identify dominant noise sources such as DC-DC converters, Motor control unit, and improperly grounded shielding. Case studies on various EV vehicles highlight common failure modes. This practical diagnostic workflow provides an efficient toolkit for EMC engineers to accelerate compliance readiness, reduce test iterations, and enhance vehicle-level EMC performance for electric vehicles.</div></div>

Magnesium alloys possess excellent lightweight properties but are limited by their low hardness, wear resistance, and susceptibility to corrosion. Laser cladding, a surface modification technique, offers a promising solution to enhance the performance and expand the application range of magnesium alloys. This chapter aims to provide an in-depth analysis of laser cladding on magnesium alloys, focusing on the benefits, challenges, and recent advancements in this field. The chapter discusses the enhancement of wear resistance, corrosion protection, resist against heat, and tailored properties achieved through laser cladding. Additionally, it addresses the challenges related to thermal concerns, material compatibility, and surface preparation. The chapter concludes by highlighting the potential of laser cladding as a valued technique for enhancing the performance and durability of magnesium alloy components.

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The Operator’s Field of Vision (FOV) test, conducted in accordance with IS/ISO 5006:2017, is a vital assessment to ensure the safety and operational comfort of personnel operating Construction Equipment Vehicles (CEVs) / Earth-Moving Machinery. IS/ ISO 5006:2017 defines rigorous guidelines for evaluating the operator’s visibility from the driver's seat, with particular emphasis on the Filament Position Centre Point (FPCP), determined from the Seat Index Point (SIP) coordinates. The test includes assessment of masking areas, focusing on the Visibility Test Circle (a 24-meter diameter ground-level circle around the machine), and on the Rectangular Boundary on which a vertical test object is placed at a height specific to the machine type and its operating mass. These parameters are designed to simulate real-world operating conditions.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper introduces a portable testing setup developed specifically for conducting the Operator’s FOV test as per IS/ISO 5006:2017. The setup facilitates include accurate verification of X and Y coordinates of the SIP, Integration of a high-intensity light system to project and assess masking areas, and Quick & repeatable deployment in field conditions, enhancing usability across various types of CEVs and earth moving machinery. The portable design ensures adaptability, reduces overall testing time, and upholds the accuracy requirements stipulated by IS/ISO 5006:2017. This solution not only enables more efficient visibility assessments but also supports enhanced safety compliance for manufacturers and operators. It presents a cost-effective, field-deployable solution for ensuring visibility requirements in construction equipment vehicles / earth-moving equipment.</div></div>

Abstract Lithium-ion cells have become the go-to energy source for both two-wheeler and four-wheeler transportation systems. Their performance hinges on various factors, including discharge and charge rates, temperature, and the cooling system in use. Ensuring effective thermal management for these cells is crucial in an electric vehicle’s battery pack. In our study, we utilized graphene nanoparticles combined with paraffin wax as phase transition materials to engineer the battery pack’s thermal management system. Leveraging the significant heat storage capability of phase change material (PCM) and the exceptional thermal conductivity of graphene, the composite phase change material (C-PCM) based battery thermal management system (BTMS) proves beneficial and efficient for two-wheeler battery packs. A 3S4P 21700 lithium-ion battery module is analyzed through numerical simulations to evaluate thermal performance with varying C-PCM thicknesses: 0 mm, 1 mm, 5 mm, and 10 mm. The results indicated that a thickness of 5 mm for the C-PCM is the optimal selection. Experiment results show that the liquid thermal conductivity of 100 gm of CR-55 with 0 gm, 1 gm, 5 gm, and 10 gm of nanoparticles is 0.175 W/m K, 0.211 W/m K, 0.244 W/m K, and 0.376 W/m K, respectively. As a result, the entire cell population of the battery module runs in a stable manner. The trials’ findings revealed that battery thermal management with paraffin and graphene nanoparticles linked provided increased cooling and performance.

Diabetic Retinal Disease (DR) is a gradual obstruction in the functioning of the blood vessels in the retina of the eye caused by chronic hyperglycemia, which may be due to diabetes type 1 or type 2. LabVIEW software play as major role in predicting the diabetic retinopathy at different stages. The real time image of the affected eye is acquired using Vision Actuation tool in LabVIEW and then it is processed using Vision assistant tool. Lot technology is I for sending the output result to the corresponding end client. Image processing and lot. Both are implemented using LabVIEW. Additionally, the system extends its functionality beyond diagnostics by incorporating an innovative approach to monitor the temperature of the eye. By integrating LabVIEW's capabilities with lot, the proposed solution checks the temperature the eye in real-time. If the detected temperature is elevated, a Peltier crystal is employed to cool the eye, demonstrating an adaptive and responsive mechanism to address abnormal temperature conditions. Aims to check the patients whether they are suffering from diabetic retinopathy or not and if they are having the diabetic retinopathy in which stage it is. Because most diabetic people are suffering from this and may also lead to loss of vision. Due to this reason, it is highly required to classify the persons in a short time with high accuracy. Automation reduces human error and subjectivity. Can detect early stages of disease. Ability to process and analyze digital fundus images efficiently.

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">In India, B7 (a biodiesel mix of 7% by volume in diesel) has been approved for use in diesel engines. Due to the depletion of fossil fuel supplies and tight pollution requirements, alternative diesel fuel has become critical. However, given the properties of diesel, no direct renewable alternative fuel can totally replace diesel. As a result, one of the solutions may be to replace part of the diesel with ethanol. In this inquisition, the impact of various diesel-ethanol blends, counting ED7.7, ED10, ED15 and ED20, were examined on two in-use multi-cylinder engines complying to different emission norms. The two engines under consideration complies with CPCB-I and CPCB-II, which is an Indian legal requirement for stationary Genset engines. For both engines, a 5-mode steady-state test cycle was considered. For each mode, the engine’s performance characteristics, including power, torque, and BSFC, were tested and described. The prime goal of adding this research is to delve into the possibility of running diesel gensets with blended fuels in an in-use diesel engine. Also, the emission causing pollutants such as NOx, CO, HC, Smoke and PM were measured for each individual mode. Almost all of the pollutants were seen to have reduced. The drastic reduction level in PM and smoke levels to the tune of almost 30-40% was found promising. ED7.7 and ED10 blends were found to be promising for reducing the overall emissions without changing the existing engine configuration. This research presents a thorough analysis of each mode and the response of two different vintage engines to the use of a diesel ethanol blends. This paper also discusses the methodical process used to select the best blend out of all the tested blends.</div></div>

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">An Automotive vehicle is subjected to run in various ambient conditions at different load conditions. For an SUV with off-roading capability, it becomes more important to size the cooling module for optimal performance.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The heat exchangers like AC condenser and radiator dimensions majorly defines the heat rejection capacity suitable for the respective powertrain configuration of a vehicle. Subsequently, the air flown over the heat exchangers will be dependent on the radiator fan capacity along with the vehicle speed.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">However, being an SUV with off-roading capability, the need arises to simulate the combination of various speed ranges, in addition to the different loading conditions involved. Considering the various conditions, the ram air required for efficient cooling should be adequate for the heat exchangers to attain optimal performance. Hence, radiator & fan motor sizing plays an important role in the Powertrain as well as Cabin cooling performance.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The present study was conducted to check the adequacy of the radiator & fan motor sizing, and their effects to improve the powertrain and cabin cooling performance of the vehicle.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Also, this paper covers the experiments conducted and their respective findings on optimization of cooling performance and methodology for same.</div></div>