Avinet (Norway)

High temperature borehole thermal energy storages (HT-BTESs) have a huge potential in enabling green cities by storing and supplying a large share of the required heating/cooling demand in buildings and industry. A new concept to minimize losses is the use of a thermal barrier ring of boreholes around the inner boreholes. The barrier is charged with low temperature heat to reduce heat losses from the inner boreholes to the surrounding ground. An HT-BTES with this concept has been built at Fjell Primary School, Drammen, Norway, and temperature profiles in some of the boreholes have been measured for periods of up to 13 months during three years using distributed temperature sensing (DTS). The HT-BTES consists of 100 boreholes, 36 in the barrier ring and 64 inside it, and is charged at ≈50–60 °C starting in April 2020.DTS measurements from inside the HT-BTES have been used to calibrate a Comsol Multiphysics model. The model shows good qualitative agreement with measurements. The calibrated simulations show that after three years more than half of the injected thermal energy is stored in or extracted from the HT-BTES while the remainder is lost to and stored in the surroundings. The HT-BTES reduces yearly costs by 1.8–43.8 kNOK (155–3800 EUR) compared to a low temperature BTES, and additionally provides cooling and reduction of electricity peak demand. The thermal barrier leads to 88 MWh (76–112 MWh) additional thermal energy stored in the HT-BTES, giving a ∼2.5 °C (1.8–3.2 °C) higher average storage temperature. The thermal barrier increases the amount of stored thermal energy after the first three years of operation by 20 %. The cost of the barrier is still too high to make it economically viable in Norway.

Lighting technology and research have undergone remarkable advancements in recent years, revolutionising the way surroundings are illuminated.These advancements have contributed to a deeper understanding and enhanced utilisation of lighting design for humans and the environment.The keynote presentation will delve into the recent developments and future directions of lighting research, exploring the dynamic landscape of this rapidly evolving field.The first part of the keynote will focus on the advancements in lighting technology.Solid-state lighting (SSL) has emerged as a game-changer, offering energy-efficient and long-lasting lighting solutions.The latest breakthroughs in SSL, especially alternatives to LEDs (e.g., carbon-based quantum dots, laser diodes), will be discussed.Additionally, the role of VR and AR, freeform optics, and additive manufacturing in lighting design and research will be explored.The second part of the keynote will focus on the diverse applications of lighting research.The topics will be discussed under two parts: measurement of light and user response (wearable sensors, circadian metrics, drone measurements, light fields, lighting application efficacy), and utilisation of techniques (projection mapping, adaptive, autonomous lighting systems, digital lighting design, predictive maintenance).Finally, drawing from past experiences, future directions in lighting research will be outlined, highlighting the importance of resource management, applied research, circular economy, and systems thinking.The keynote aims to inspire researchers, practitioners, and industry professionals to continue pushing the boundaries of lighting technology and its applications, paving the way for a brighter and more sustainable future.

Norwegian farmed Atlantic salmon is a nutritious type of food in increasing demand and although production has stagnated and is faced by various challenges, it is likely to continue to expand in the future. We present results from a detailed greenhouse gas emission assessment of the most important Norwegian farmed salmon export products along with improvement measures. By scaling up both baseline results and reduction opportunities, based on growth projections, we estimate current and future emissions of the sector as a whole. We show that export of gutted salmon to Europe by truck dominates Norwegian salmon exports, not only in volume and value, but also in emissions, followed by export of fresh gutted salmon and fillets to Asia and fillets to the US by air. The cumulative greenhouse gas emissions are dominated by feed production followed by emissions from overseas airfreighting of fresh products. The five most important emission reduction measures, based only on existing technology and without particular order were 1) slightly increased feed efficiency, 2) increased utilization of side streams occurring in secondary processing after export, 3) seafreight to market instead of road and air, 4) higher energy efficiency and cleaner energy sources, and 5) changed feed composition. Collectively, they have the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions of current production by 60%, from 5.2 to 2.1 million tonnes of CO2e, assuming the same relative importance of each supply chain.This implies that a medium growth-scenario, representing more than a doubling of the volume of salmon farmed to 3.3 million tonnes, would be possible while reducing total sector emissions by 16% if the improvement measures were fully implemented. For larger reductions, either lower growth or more ambitious implementation of improvement measures is needed. Although greenhouse gas emissions are often linked to resource efficiency and wider sustainability, this is not always the case, and it is important to avoid shifting burdens from climate to e.g. eutrophication or biodiversity impacts. However, many environmental impacts of salmon farming are centered around feed efficiency, and even problems with welfare, escapees, and in part eutrophication are reflected in lower feed efficiency resulting in higher greenhouse gas emissions. In addition to the systematic collection of robust data for more continuous monitoring of greenhouse gas emission performance over time, we therefore recommend identifying additional indicators to monitor to ensure the sector develops not only towards climate neutrality but also towards broader sustainability.

Proper design of larger ground source heat pump installations, and borehole thermal energy storages (BTES) requires determination of on-site thermal properties of the ground by performing a thermal response test (TRT). The effective thermal conductivity is an important design parameter from TRT that is determined from the line source equation. The line source equation does not include advection and may give incorrect results when groundwater flow is present. This study describes the development and application of a new analytical equation where advective heat in fractured, nonporous rock is accounted for. Including advective heat improves the fit to the measurement data (1.2–77 % better) when applying reasonable values for the thermal conductivity of the ground. The new analytical equation is applicable to all TRTs. Previous studies recommend comprehensive numerical modelling of boreholes affected by groundwater flow. The equation proposed here is an analytical alternative which does not require modelling and is a recommended and cost-effective alternative when groundwater flow affects the thermal properties measured in a borehole heat exchanger in fractured rock.

Quantification of groundwater flow is an important factor for several applications, such as water supply, boreholes for energy extraction/storage and drainage and flood prevention projects. In this study, distributed temperature sensing (DTS) with fibre-optics has been combined with energy calculations to estimate the time-varying groundwater flow in fractures in four stand-alone boreholes at kneset in Norway. The method captures the natural, undisturbed time-variation of the groundwater flow as no tracers or pumps were used. Compared with temperature profile measurements using a probe, long-term distributed temperature sensing (from several weeks) gives a profound understanding of the hydrogeological conditions for a site. One example of how long-time measurements enhance this understanding is that they provide information about the sources of the groundwater flow: For some fractures, the groundwater estimations showed no correlation with meteorological data, indicating that these fractures are fed from deeper regional flow, with relatively large response times. In other fractures, the temporal variations in estimated groundwater flow showed high correlation (>0.60) with precipitation or temperature, with 1.4-9.0 days delay. This indicates that these fractures are fed mainly from precipitation and snow melting. The correlation with weather conditions at the surface also indicates that the method gives a true time-variation of groundwater flow. The results from the study show that DTS can be a useful tool to quantify groundwater flow in boreholes made for energy and monitoring (e.g., in tunnels). The method could be further improved by injection of heat along the entire borehole length, which has been done before. This would be similar to a thermal response test, which is an important pre-investigation for borehole thermal energy storage.

Large amounts of digital cultural heritage (CH) information have become available over the past years, requiring more powerful exploration systems than just a search box. The PATHS system aims to provide an environment in which users can successfully explore a large, unknown collection through two modalities: following existing paths to learn about what is available and then freely exploring.

HSE Horizons - This is a condensed version of paper SPE 74170, which was presented at the SPE International Conference on Health, Safety, and Environment in Oil and Gas E&P held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 20-22 March 2002.