Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences

This study examines the structural transformation of contemporary international relations under the accelerating dynamics of globalization, focusing on the reconfiguration of political authority, economic governance, and the role of the nation-state within an increasingly interconnected global system.Globalization is approached not merely as an economic process, but as a multidimensional phenomenon encompassing political, technological, cultural, and institutional transformations that fundamentally reshape international interactions.The research employs a comprehensive methodological framework grounded in systems analysis, historical and comparative political approaches, and empirical evaluation of global political and economic trends.Particular emphasis is placed on the systemic interdependence among states, international organizations, transnational corporations, and nongovernmental actors, highlighting how traditional state-centric models of international relations are increasingly complemented-and in some cases challenged-by network-based and multi-actor governance structures.The scientific novelty of the study lies in its integrated analysis of how globalization affects state sovereignty, diplomatic practices, and institutional legitimacy in the context of rapid advancements in information and communication technologies.The paper further explores the expanding influence of international economic organizations, global markets, and cultural exchanges, assessing their implications for national autonomy and global political stability.Rather than signaling the decline of the nation-state, globalization is conceptualized as a transformative force that redefines state functions, redistributes authority across multiple levels of governance, and reshapes the normative foundations of international relations.By situating globalization within broader theoretical debates in international relations and political sociology, this study contributes to a more nuanced understanding of contemporary world politics and offers a critical framework for interpreting ongoing global transformations.

Speech in humans arises and develops within processes of interpersonal communication.In children with hearing impairments, this development is significantly hindered due to the dysfunction of the auditory analyzer, which limits interaction with the external world and social environment.As a result, a secondary disorder emerges-speech delay or distortion-manifesting in limited vocabulary, grammatical inaccuracies, and articulation difficulties.This study examines the mechanisms of speech disorders among children with hearing disabilities and explores corrective pedagogical approaches to facilitate compensation through visual, tactile, and motor channels.The authors argue that effective speech correction must integrate linguistic, psychological, and sensory training components to restore communicative competence.By analyzing cognitive, emotional, and physiological correlates, the research underscores the significance of early intervention, structured auditory training, and interdisciplinary cooperation among speech therapists, psychologists, and educators.The findings suggest that proper corrective education can substantially improve linguistic adaptation, social integration, and cognitive development among children with auditory limitations.

Resenziya milli musiqi mədəniyyət tariximizin öyrənilməsi baxımından qiymətli elmi-nəzəri audio-vizual ensiklopedik mənbə olan “Tar – Azərbaycan musiqi alətlərinin tacı” kitabının kulturoji aspektdən geniş şərhidir. XXI əsrdə Azərbaycanın yeni mədəniyyət modelinin formalaşdırılması dövründə incəsənət, o cümlədən musiqi sənəti tariximizin öyrənilməsi, gələcək nəsillərə ötürülməsi və qlobal səviyyədə tanıdılması mühüm vəzifələrdən biridir. Kitab milli irs xəzinəmizdə “mədəni etnobrend” statusunu daşıyan tar alətinin təşəkkülü və inkişafı, quruluşu, onun düzəldilməsi sənəti və ənənələrinə həsr olunub. Burada Mirzə Sadıq Əsəd oğlunun (Sadıqcan) tar islahatları, tar alətinin muğam janrı ilə bağlılığı, bəstəkar yaradıcılığında yeri, tar ifaçılarının bioqrafik məlumatları, tar alətinin müasir musiqi təhsilində rolu ayrı-ayrı fəsillərdə əksini tapır. Resenziya elmi ictimaiyyətə və milli mədəniyyət tarixinə maraq göstərənlərə ünvanlanıb. Resenziya tar alətinin tədqiqi sahəsində naviqator qismində çıxış edərək gələcəkdə bu sahədə fikir mübadiləsini təşviq edir.

The presence of isotopically heavy carbon dioxide (CO2) in gases of hydrocarbon (HC) accumulations and mud volcanoes (MVs) of the South Caspian Basin (SCB) served as a starting point for studying the distribution of a similar phenomenon in deposits of other sedimentary basins. The paper summarizes a large set of data from long-term geochemical studies in different regions of the world. The global distribution of isotopically heavy CO2 in gases of basins of various tectonic types, both in traditional and unconventional hydrocarbon systems, has been established. The identity of processes involved in its formation has been revealed. Secondary methanogenesis is the most common phenomenon leading to enrichment of CO2 with the heavy carbon isotope 13C with possible subsequent transformation. The formation of isotopically heavy CO2 is assumed in the depth interval of up to 2000 m. However, under certain geological and tectonic conditions, its appearance at greater depths is possible. In the South Caspian Basin, isotopically heavy CO2 in gases of HC accumulations and MVs is predominantly formed in closed/partially closed systems under conditions of unbalanced methanogenic biodegradation.

The thermal reduction of ferrocene in a hydrogen atmosphere was investigated over the temperature range of 573–1173 K, focusing on both the gaseous and solid products formed during the process. The gas-phase products (hydrocarbons) and solid products (nanosized iron particles) formed during the reaction were identified. It was shown that, in contrast to the pyrolysis of ferrocene, which produces nanosized iron particles, iron carbide, and carbon, the thermal decomposition of ferrocene in a hydrogen flow yields only nanosized iron particles as the solid product. Furthermore, it was observed that the presence of hydrogen during decomposition leads to the formation of smaller nuclei, which enhances the initiation and growth of nanoparticles more intensively. FMR spectra and X-ray diffraction patterns of the solid residues from the thermal decomposition of ferrocene were obtained and analyzed. The dependence of these patterns on the conditions of thermal decomposition was also demonstrated. The presented results provide direct experimental evidence of the initial stages of the decomposition of Fe(C5H5)2 through detailed analysis of the gas-phase composition. These findings can be applied to improve the modeling of processes involved in the growth of ultra-high-temperature materials (UHTs) and thin films, thereby enabling more efficient synthesis of nanomaterials.

This study presents the first integrated assessment of plastic pollution at the Kura River delta, where the river enters the hydrologically enclosed Caspian Sea. We applied a modular toolbox comprising four complementary components: high-resolution hydrodynamic modeling to predict debris convergence zones, UAV-based mapping to survey shoreline conditions, automated object-based image analysis for debris detection and classification, and standardized field monitoring by trained community participants for ground-truthing and source identification. Using this framework, we identified debris accumulation hotspots and developed a replicable approach for assessing plastic pollution in semi-enclosed systems. Surveys along a 1.2km shoreline recorded over 600 items, dominated by beverage containers by count and marine-sourced plastics by weight. Transboundary inputs were confirmed through labeled debris from five countries. The initiative also expanded institutional collaboration, trained over 150 participants, and established a local monitoring network. These findings highlight the value of integrating technical diagnostics with community engagement to enable scalable, site-adapted responses to plastic pollution.

This article examines the esoteric function of letters and language in the poetic universe of Imadaddin Nasimi, situating his work within the symbolic framework of the Hurufi doctrine. The research identifies a total of 26 unique letter combinations used by the poet. Among these, 7 are muqattaʿat—disjointed letters found at the beginnings of certain Qur’anic surahs—and 19 are encoded combinations based on Hurufi principles. Each of these structures is analyzed from semantic, abjad (numerological), and esoteric perspectives. The study reveals that letters in Nasimi’s poetry are not mere linguistic units but sacred symbols embodying divine realities, metaphysical truths, and ontological mysteries. His usage of muqattaʿat letters infuses his poetry with Qur’anic resonance and mystical depth, while Hurufi codes reflect a synthesis of divine speech, cosmic order, and the Perfect Human (al-Insān al-Kāmil). Nasimi conceives of language as a tool of gnosis, where each letter serves as a gateway to inner truth. Through the mystical interplay of form, sound, and meaning, he constructs a symbolic system that bridges earthly and divine realms. Thus, the esoteric nature of language in Nasimi’s poetry positions him as a central figure in both the Hurufi intellectual tradition and the wider heritage of Islamic metaphysical thought.

Abstract A search for a pseudoscalar a produced in association with a top-quark pair, or in association with a single top quark plus a W boson, with the pseudoscalar decaying into b -quarks ( $$a\rightarrow b\bar{b}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mo>→</mml:mo> <mml:mi>b</mml:mi> <mml:mover> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>b</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>¯</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ), is performed using the full Run 2 data sample using a dileptonic decay mode signature. The search covers pseudoscalar boson masses between 12 and 100 GeV and involves both the kinematic regime where the decay products of the pseudoscalar are reconstructed as two standard b -tagged small-radius jets, or merged into a large-radius jet due to its Lorentz boost. No significant excess relative to expectations is observed. Assuming a branching ratio $$\text {BR}(a\rightarrow b\bar{b})=100\% $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>BR</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mo>→</mml:mo> <mml:mi>b</mml:mi> <mml:mover> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>b</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>¯</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mover> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>100</mml:mn> <mml:mo>%</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , the range of pseudoscalar masses between 50 and 80 GeV is excluded at 95% confidence level for a coupling of the pseudoscalar to the top quark of 0.5, while a coupling of 1.0 is excluded at 95% confidence level for the masses considered, with the coupling defined as the strength modifier of the Standard Model Yukawa coupling.