Azerbaijan State Agricultural University

Agricultural production in Azerbaijan has expanded rapidly over recent decades, raising concerns about the long-term sustainability of soil and water resources. This study aims to evaluate the sustainability of Azerbaijan’s current agricultural growth model from a ecological perspective. The analysis focuses on national-level agricultural production systems during the period 1995-2024. Secondary data from FAO, the State Statistical Committee of Azerbaijan and international databases were analyzed using descriptive and comparative statistical methods to assess trends in land use, irrigation, nutrient balances, agrochemical inputs and climate-related indicators. The results show that agricultural output increased more than ninefold since 2000, while over 36% of agricultural soils are affected by erosion and salinization, nitrogen removals exceed 380 kg ha, irrigation accounts for about 34.5% of renewable freshwater withdrawals, and agriculture contributes more than 53% to national water stress. At the same time, nitrous oxide emissions from crop production have more than doubled and methane emissions from livestock increased by about 70%, indicating rising climate pressure. These findings suggest that current growth is driven mainly by land expansion and input intensification rather than ecological efficiency. The study recommends promoting water-saving irrigation technologies, balanced nutrient management, soil conservation practices and climate-smart agriculture to improve environmental quality and long-term sustainability.

This study investigates the realization and interpretation of directive speech acts in Azerbaijani and British English institutional discourse, with particular attention to the interaction between syntactic form, social hierarchy, and pragmatic evaluation. Adopting a qualitative contrastive discourse-analytic approach, the research examines 200 naturally occurring directives (100 Azerbaijani; 100 British English) drawn from higher education and workplace settings characterized by asymmetrical power relations. The analysis demonstrates systematic cross-cultural differences in directive orientation. Azerbaijani institutional discourse favors relationally framed directness, where imperatives function as legitimate expressions of authority when accompanied by morphologically embedded markers of respect, such as plural pronouns and honorific forms. In contrast, British English institutional discourse privileges modalization, interrogative constructions, and hedging strategies, reflecting an interactional orientation that foregrounds autonomy and minimizes imposition. The findings challenge universalist assumptions that equate indirectness with politeness and instead show that the relationship between grammatical form and pragmatic force is mediated by culturally grounded expectations of hierarchy and legitimacy. By integrating Speech Act Theory, Rapport Management, and a syntax–pragmatics interface perspective, the study advances a multi-layered framework for explaining cross-cultural variation in directive practices. Beyond theoretical implications, the results highlight the importance of pragmatic awareness in institutional, pedagogical, and intercultural communication contexts. The study also contributes empirically by incorporating Azerbaijani—an underrepresented language in comparative pragmatics—into broader discussions of relational and institutional discourse.

The object of this study is the technology for producing bioactive compound-rich extracts and high-quality wines. Although several studies have been conducted in winemaking on resource-saving technologies, the factors affecting the amount and extraction of bioactive compounds obtained from residues have not been evaluated. The content of phenolic compounds in sweet pomace obtained from red grape varieties was higher compared to other variants (19.8 g/kg); however, in acidic pomace from the same varieties, this value was significantly lower, at 11.2 g/kg. The Merlot and Madrasa grape varieties were found to contain higher amounts of bioactive compounds and antioxidants. The extraction of compounds from the peel, seeds, and whole pomace was carried out at 60°C with a 1:3 solid-to-solvent ratio. For the peel, 95% ethanol and 0.5% tartaric acid were used as the solvent; for the seeds, water with 2% tartaric acid; and for the whole pomace, a 30% water–alcohol mixture (wine–alcohol or juice–alcohol) was applied. The extracts obtained from the peel, seeds, and whole pomace contained vitamin C (0.98–6.6 mg/g), dietary fiber (1.81–3.00 mg/sm3), phenolic compounds (1.04–2.70 mg/sm3), and antioxidant activity (1265.3–2550.3 µmol Trolox equivalents/dm3). Investigating the factors affecting the extraction of bioactive compounds from secondary raw materials, selecting appropriate technological methods and regimes that ensure high extract yield and antioxidant properties, and rationalizing the composition and quality of the extracts depending on the preparation method and the ingredients provide a solution to the problem. The results offer a practical solution through the production of bioactive compound-rich extracts that can improve the quality of juices and wines

The object of the study is the intensification of the wine clarification process. Although a number of studies have been conducted on the clarification of wines, the effect of enzymes, ultrasound, membrane filter, ultrasound and maceration factor on the clarification intensity has not been sufficiently studied. It has been found that the β-glucanase enzyme, compared to other enzymes, creates a basis for a greater decrease in the amount of polysaccharides, especially glucomannan, in pink wines and that the sample remains stable for 10 months. For white table wines, treatment with pectofoetidin P 10х and G 10х enzymes and subsequent pasting, cold processing and filtration gave better results. It has been established that ultrasonic processing of wine materials increases the aromatic substances in the composition, color, acidity, and improves the stability of wines. The productivity of membrane filters increases, the filtration and clarification processes of wine materials are intensified. Ultrasonic frequency, acoustic oscillations applied to the liquid increase the permeability of the filters and allow them to operate in a self-cleaning mode. Cold maceration of Madrasa and Merlot grape varieties at 7-8°C for 4 days before fermentation allows for the production of juice with high color density, rich in total anthocyanins and phenolic compounds. The production of stable wines using enzymes and cold maceration, as well as the intensification of clarification using ultrasound and membrane filter ultrasound, solves the problem and makes these studies important for production. The results obtained can be used in factories and wineries.

The article examines the possibilities of improving the financial potential of the Azerbaijani economy. It was determined that the increase in gross domestic product, population income, and bank deposits plays a fundamental role in improving the financial potential. In the article, the impact of factors such as gross domestic product (GDP), population income and bank deposits, investment allocations, and credit on state budget revenues, which are the main indicators of financial potential, was quantitatively evaluated using a linear multivariate regression model. The calculation revealed that there is a high correlation between the volume of state budget revenues and GDP, population income and bank deposits, as well as the amount of investment and credit. Such a situation is ultimately characterized by a significant impact on the financial potential of the country's economy. The results of the study on identifying opportunities for improving the financial potential of the economy show that such an approach can help predict the development prospects of financial potential, assess resource capabilities and ensure their more efficient use. The results of the study on identifying opportunities for improving the financial potential of the economy show that such an approach can help predict the development prospects of financial potential, assess resource capabilities and ensure their more efficient use.

The traditional methods used in the preparation of high-extract blending components for Marsala-type wines are characterized by high labor, energy, and financial demands. Moreover, the absence of more advanced technological schemes and insufficient research on the influence of certain factors on the physicochemical composition of Marsala wine material remain unresolved issues. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of various technological factors on the physicochemical composition of Marsala wine material. The use of Selloviridin QZX, Sellofoetidin, and Pektofoetidin Q10X enzyme preparations, as well as different extracts, in the preparation of Marsala blending components contributed to the intensification of the process. Compared with traditional methods, this approach required fewer vessels, less energy and labor input, and a smaller production area. Using the pure Rkasiteli grape variety ensured the production of wine samples with higher extract content compared to the blend of Rkasiteli and Bayanshira varieties. The greatest increase in the amount of phenolic compounds was observed when the Selloviridin QZX enzyme preparation was applied, whereas a relatively smaller increase occurred with the Pektofoetidin Q10X preparation. The Sellofoetidin preparation showed intermediate results. In comparison with the control samples produced by the “white method,” the wine samples prepared with the addition of enzyme preparations contained significantly higher amounts of extracted substances. The experimental samples were rated 0.21–0.30 points higher than the control, with wines produced from pure Rkasiteli grapes being considered superior to those obtained from the Rkasiteli-Bayanshira blend. To further enrich the composition of blending components, grape stem and pomace extracts were used. A comparative analysis of different extractants showed that fortified musts with 26.1% alcohol strength and fortified acidic wine extractants of the same strength were evaluated as the most effective. The samples containing extracts were distinguished by significantly higher concentrations of aromatic compounds, such as vanillin, jasmine aldehyde, and others, compared with the analogous samples.

One of the main issues is to assess the need for changes in the existing economic mechanism or its individual elements (taking into account the new needs, motivations and reactions of economic entities to these changes) in order to ensure the maximum efficiency of economic development and management of the country. Then this process moves from the stage of assumptions to the stage of forecasting possible development and achieving the established development guidelines, provided that the appropriate resources and means of implementation are provided. At this stage, various scenarios are considered, the choice of a more realistic scenario can be considered a transition to the next stage of final specification of goals and parameters, the choice of a strategy reflected in the developed concepts, programs and development plans. At the same time, the creation of new mechanisms and tools for the implementation of the chosen strategy (or the modification of existing ones) is envisaged. Then, in the context of managing the macro level of the economic system, the process enters the implementation stage, which begins with changes in the regulatory and legislative framework, the creation of new motivational incentives for subjects, after which current planning comes into force as a regulatory, coordinating and control tool. Individual enterprises, organizations, firms representing the micro level are in the sphere of regulatory influence of state bodies. The main development parameters, operating within the macro area specified in the macro-foresight process, try to adapt to the emerging economic environment and use it to implement changes in its conditions.

In a market economy, the socio-economic development of the country largely depends on the functioning of effectively functioning business relations. Stimulation of entities operating in the business sphere is the basis for their development. In this regard, the tax system plays an exceptional role. The serious changes in the tax system in recent years are also related to the scientific view of what is happening. This gives reason to say that research in the field of taxation lags behind practice to some extent and is not influential enough to influence the formation of policy in this area. Such a situation in the field of tax studies is associated with the historical features of the formation of the tax system. The dynamics of the tax system lags behind the experience of developed countries. In the early years of the formation of a market economy, direct tax relations between the economy and the budget were replaced by irregular distribution of profits, and indirect taxes became an element of the planned distribution of prices. The business environment is related to the external environment in which the modern tax system operates. Therefore, it is impossible to get a complete picture in this area without touching on the issues of the interaction of the tax system with the business environment. Therefore, the interaction of the tax system with the business environment is not only relevant, but also complex and important from both theoretical and methodological points of view.