Bamyan University

The experiment was conducted to determine the effects of different levels of citric acid powder on feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in Ross 308 broiler chicks. A total of 48 broiler chicks, with an average initial body weight of 42 ± 4.2 grams, were used in a completely randomized design (CRD). The birds were divided into four groups, with three replicates per group. The control (G1) was fed a basal diet without citric acid supplementation. Group 2 (G2) (basal diet + 0.25% citric acid), Group 3 (G3) (basal diet + 0.50% citric acid), and Group 4 (G4) (basal diet + 0.75% citric acid) were provided with drinking water, and birds were given feed and water ad libitum. The trial lasted for 35 days. During the experimental period, feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded and analysed. Data analysis was conducted using Statistica 9. The results demonstrated that the various levels of citric acid had different impacts on improving both feed intake and FCR. Among the treatments, G4 exhibited the most favorable effects on the measured parameters, increasing (P˂0.01) the average total dry matter intake (12,265.87) relative to the control (11,929.68) and, though not statistically, numerically reducing the feed conversion ratio (1.33) compared with the control (1.37). Based on these findings, Citric acid supplementation at 0.75% may serve as a natural alternative to synthetic antibiotic growth promoters in broilers. These findings may support poultry production in Afghanistan and similar regions.

Afghanistan faces major challenges in healthcare access due to decades of conflict, geographic isolation, and limited infrastructure. Telemedicine presents a promising solution to bridge these gaps by leveraging technology to connect healthcare providers and patients across distances and time zones. This review explores the current landscape of telemedicine in Afghanistan, synthesizing evidence from published studies, program evaluations, and implementation reports across multiple specialties and healthcare settings. Telemedicine initiatives in the country span critical care, mental health, ophthalmology, general medicine, and emergency services, extending their benefits to both urban and rural populations. Key programs include the Central Asia Health Systems Strengthening (CAHSS) Project (6,140 teleconsultations), tele-ICU services (6,014 consultations showing reduced mortality), mental health interventions in remote provinces, and military teleophthalmology programs. Despite notable barriers such as limited Internet connectivity, unreliable electricity, regulatory gaps, cultural resistance, low digital literacy, and workforce shortages, telemedicine has improved access to care, strengthened provider capacity, reduced stigma, and demonstrated high patient satisfaction and cost-effectiveness, particularly in underserved regions. Overall, telemedicine represents a viable and effective strategy for enhancing healthcare delivery in Afghanistan. Continued progress will depend on sustained investment in digital infrastructure, supportive policy frameworks, workforce development, community engagement, and robust monitoring systems. Further research should focus on longitudinal evaluations, national registries, and comprehensive cost-effectiveness analyses to inform future telemedicine expansion and sustainability.

Abstract Objectives This study examined intimate partner violence (IPV) experiences among co-wives in polygynous marriages (first versus second or later-order) and monogamous unions, focusing on how community, household, and individual factors affect these relationships. Methods Data from the 2015 Afghanistan Demographic and Health Survey (AFDHS) were used, with a final sample of 21,324 currently married and in-union women aged 15–49. Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis and a non-linear decomposition approach (Fairlie method) were used to investigate this association. Results Over half of the women (50.8%) reported experiencing at least one form of IPV—physical (47.5%), emotional (32.1%), or sexual (8.9%). Logistic regression showed that first-ranked wives in polygynous unions faced significantly higher odds of experiencing physical (aOR = 2.98), emotional (aOR = 2.55), sexual (aOR = 1.94), and any IPV (aOR = 2.71) (all p < 0.001). Fairlie decomposition revealed a 9.7% to 45% greater IPV risk for first-ranked wives than second or later-order wives in polygynous unions, and 10.8% to 72% compared to only wives in monogamous unions, largely driven by community-level factors. Conclusion The first wife in a polygynous union is more likely to experience IPV, and this study identifies important structural factors contributing to IPV. By focusing on evidence-based interventions and cross-sector collaboration, stakeholders in Afghanistan and other conflict-affected areas can work to decrease IPV and promote gender equality.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of teaching hope on the academic self-esteem and academic dishonesty of students with self-destructive academic behaviors. This research employed a semi-experimental method, utilizing a t-test and pre-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this research consisted of all second-year high school students in Kabul City during the 2022 academic year. Out of 18 educational districts, 10 districts were randomly selected in a multi-stage cluster design, and one school from each district was selected. The self-destructive cognition and behavior questionnaire was used to screen for suicidal behavior, and finally, 40 people were selected as research subjects in a simple random manner. The tools used in this research were Acasoso's Academic Self-Concept Questionnaire (2002), Cunningham's Cognitive and Self-Destructive Behavior Scale (2007), and McCabe and Trevino's Academic Dishonesty Questionnaire (1996). To analyze the data, descriptive statistics indices (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics tests (multivariate covariance analysis) were employed. The results of the research showed that teaching hope reduces academic dishonesty and academic self-esteem in students (P<0.01. Based on this, it is suggested to teachers during their training period to teach hope to students, especially students who are weak in learning and turn to self-destructive behaviors, and how to learn and increase their skills. Pay attention to students' learning.

Identifying effective solutions for rangeland-related challenges has become increasingly complex. Rangelands cover the majority of Bamyan province and serve as a vital source of meat and dairy production. Most farmers in the region are agro-pastoralists who depend heavily on rangelands as their primary asset, while intensive livestock farming systems remain uncommon. Given the ecological importance and the widespread degradation of natural resources, this study aimed to explore sustainable solutions to prevent further destruction of rangelands in Bamyan. Although previous research has largely focused on identifying causes of degradation, there has been limited attention to practical and localized solutions. This study employed a dual-method approach: (1) a review of library and online resources, and (2) fieldwork using observational tools, semi-structured interviews, and questionnaires based on a five-point Likert scale. Due to the absence of a complete list of farmers, simple random sampling was used to select 110 participants in 2023. The findings indicate that most Bamyan farmers are older, married, and illiterate, with primary agricultural outputs including potatoes, wheat, legumes, and fruits. Factor analysis revealed three key areas for intervention: (1) the role and support of government institutions, (2) the contribution of researchers, and (3) the internal involvement of local beneficiaries. Each of these factors encompasses a range of specific solution-oriented variables. The study highlights the importance of collaborative efforts and researcher engagement in the sustainable management of natural resources in Bamyan.

مشخص کردن میکانیزم‌های تغییر زراعت عنعنوی به زراعت عصری اولین فعالیت تغییر زراعت است. چون تغییر زراعت عنعنوی به زراعت عصری یکی از نیاز‌های مهم کشور محسوب می‌شود اما با تسلط زراعت عنعنوی کشت و پرورش با وسایل ساده و ابتدایی، کمبود آب، آب‌یاری، عدم دسترسی به کریدت، ارائه کم‌تر خدمات تحقیق، ترویج حفاظه نباتات و حیوانات، عدم استفاده وسیع از تکنالوژی معاصر مولدین در زراعت، به‌صورت عموم در سطح پایین قرار داشته و کشور برای تأمین ضروریات خویش به واردات وابسته است. با وجود شناخت حقایق فوق‌الذکر آن‌چه تا فعلاً به آن توجه صورت نگرفته است. ضرورت تغییر زراعت عنعنوی (کشت و پرورش با وسایل ساده و ابتدایی) به زراعت میکانیزه و اقتصاد می‌باشد تا از تکنالوژی در تولیدات زراعت کشور استفاده اعظمی صورت گرفته بتواند.

This research (the effect of different doses of animal manure on growth and yield of common bean) carried out based on (RCBD) in Yakawlang district. This experiment conducted in three replications and eighteen treatments (each replication contains six treatments). Land preparation was first done, all extra materials removed from field and the field was furrowed by traditional tools. All other operation for preparing land to cultivate was done in a traditional manner. Descriptions of treatments are as follow: T1 (control) T2 (2 ton ha1) T3 (4 ton ha1) T4 (6 ton ha1) T5 (8 ton ha1) T6 (10 ton ha1). This study was conducted in Yakwlang district during 2023. For achieving of this research, agricultural lands was selected and prepared for common bean cultivation through using traditional tools, shovel, and other essential tools.

Ammonium nitrogen (NH4 +-N) is essential for fruit tree growth, but the impact of excess NH4 +-N from fertilizer on evergreen citrus trees is unclear. In a climate chamber, 8-month-old citrus plants were exposed to five different hydroponic NH4 +-N concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mm) for 1 month to study effects of NH4 +-N on growth characteristics, N uptake, metabolism, antioxidant enzymes and osmotic regulatory substances. Application of 10 mm NH4 +-N adversely affected root plasma membrane integrity, root physiological functions, and plant biomass. MDA, CAT, POD, APX and SOD content were significantly correlated with leaf N metabolic enzyme activity (GOGAT, GDH, GS and NR). GDH was the primary enzyme involved in NH4 +-N assimilation in leaves, while the primary pathway involved in roots was GS-GOGAT. Under comparatively high NH4 + addition, roots were the main organs involved in NH4 + utilization in citrus seedlings. Our results demonstrated that variations in NH4 + concentration and enzyme activity in various organs are associated with more effective N metabolism in roots than in leaves to prevent NH4 + toxicity in evergreen woody citrus plants. These results provide insight into the N forms used by citrus plants that are important for N fertilizer management.

The rules of preponderance according to the Hanafi school of thought are among the issues that the science of jurisprudence is interested in examining: conflict of evidence, when does it occur, and how can one preponderate between different evidences? Knowing the strong evidence and the correct evidence in terms of its proof or significance, these are very precise issues that only the most distinguished scholars are able to explain, and the scholars of fundamentals have rules by which they weigh between these different pieces of evidence. The basic principle in this matter is that the process of weighting is one of the functions of scholars who are able to distinguish between evidence, and it is resorted to when it is assumed that there is a difference between two texts that is not of the same degree in proof or significance. The process of weighting that arose among diligent scholars was not necessarily limited to supporting one doctrine over others, but rather it sought consistency and validity. Thus, we found among the scholars those who departed from the evidence of their doctrine and adopted the doctrine of others. We would also like to point out that the general process of preference, which is not between one school of thought and another, is like the absolute preference that the fundamentalists have dealt with. The aim of this research is to know the Hanafi approach in dealing with conflicting evidence.