Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University

In this article, a mixed-methods approach was employed to assess the effectiveness of scaffolding as a technique in second language teaching. The study involved both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. A thorough review of existing literature on scaffolding in second language education was conducted. The review focused on understanding the theoretical foundations, key strategies, and challenges associated with scaffolding. Classroom observations were conducted in language learning environments where scaffolding techniques were implemented. Observations focused on teacher-student interactions, the use of scaffolding methods, and the overall classroom atmosphere. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with language teachers who implemented scaffolding techniques in their lessons. The interviews aimed to gather insights into teachers’ experiences, the challenges they faced, and their perceptions of scaffolding’s effectiveness. Surveys were distributed to students who participated in scaffolding-based lessons. The surveys assessed their perceptions of the learning process, including engagement, comprehension, and language skill improvement. Student surveys indicated a high level of engagement and motivation in classrooms where scaffolding was used. Students reported that the interactive nature of scaffolding made the learning process more enjoyable and effective. Classroom observations revealed that scaffolding techniques facilitated more frequent and meaningful teacher-student interactions. Teachers were able to provide targeted support based on individual students’ needs, which contributed to a more personalized learning experience. While scaffolding proved effective, some challenges were noted. Teachers reported difficulties in maintaining the appropriate level of support for each student without overwhelming them. Additionally, limited class time and large class sizes made it challenging to provide individualized scaffolding to all students. The research highlighted that scaffolding allows for differentiated learning, where instruction can be tailored to meet the varying needs of students. This was especially beneficial in mixed-ability classrooms, where students could progress at their own pace. The findings confirm that scaffolding is an effective technique for enhancing second language learning. It promotes active engagement, improves comprehension, and helps students achieve greater language proficiency. The research demonstrates that scaffolding can be successfully implemented in a variety of classroom settings. Teachers can use different scaffolding strategies, such as providing prompts, using visuals, and offering feedback, to support students at different stages of their learning. Future studies could explore the long-term effects of scaffolding on second language acquisition, especially in different cultural or educational contexts. Additionally, examining the impact of digital tools and technology on scaffolding in language learning could provide valuable insights. Based on the findings, it is recommended that language teachers incorporate scaffolding techniques into their lessons to foster a more interactive and supportive learning environment. Teachers should also be mindful of the challenges involved and seek ways to balance the level of support provided to each student.

This paper presents a comprehensive framework of benchmarks for teaching biodiversity within the Bachelor of Ecology program at Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University, addressing the urgent need for effective educational standards amidst the escalating biodiversity crisis. The proposed benchmarks aim to integrate interdisciplinary and contextually relevant teaching practices, aligning environmental education with international standards while reflecting the unique ecological and conservation challenges of Georgia and the Caucasus region. Core competency areas include taxonomic and ecosystem diversity, conservation biology principles, ecological monitoring techniques, data interpretation, and policy knowledge, coupled with essential fieldwork skills. The benchmarks further promote the development of critical thinking, scientific communication, and problem-solving abilities through both theoretical and experiential learning approaches. This framework not only aspires to enhance the educational experience but also prepares graduates to contribute meaningfully to biodiversity conservation and sustainable development efforts. By situating this initiative within a global context, the paper emphasizes the importance of evolving biodiversity education to meet contemporary challenges, ultimately enriching academic discourse and fostering collaboration among educational institutions worldwide.

Abstract. The process of globalization has significantly transformed the labor market and modern practices of Human Resource Management (HRM). These changes are multifaceted, encompassing both positive developments and serious systemic challenges. On the one hand, globalization has stimulated the growth of innovative sectors, enhanced international cooperation, facilitated knowledge exchange, and increased labor mobility. As a result, the competitive environment has intensified, compelling organizations to adopt more flexible, technologically advanced, and human-centered HR strategies. On the other hand, globalization has exposed a range of difficulties within existing systems, particularly in small, developing, and transition economies such as Georgia. The labor market increasingly faces skill mismatches, where the qualifications, competencies, and practical experience of the workforce do not align with the real demands of available positions. In addition, labor migration has emerged as a significant concern, leading to a shortage of qualified professionals in the local market. The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the impact of globalization on HRM policies and practices, focusing on critical aspects such as the transformation of recruitment processes, the introduction of new training and development models, alignment of compensation systems with international standards, enhancement of internal communication, cultural adaptation, and the evolution of modern leadership styles. The study is based on interviews with HR managers working in Georgian organizations, which allows for an in-depth exploration of local labor market challenges and trends from a first-hand professional perspective. The findings indicate that globalization not only increases opportunities for building a diverse workforce but also imposes substantial strategic responsibilities on organizations. In the modern HR environment, issues such as managing cultural diversity, shortages of digital competencies, labor mobility regulations, the need for technological integration, and growing pressure on employees’ working conditions are becoming more pronounced. Consequently, organizations must reconsider the strategic function of HRM in order to create sustainable, competitive, and innovative work environments. The results further emphasize that addressing the challenges associated with globalization requires coordinated efforts between the education system, the private sector, and the state. Such cooperation is essential for reducing skill mismatches, integrating vocational education, and optimizing the structural dynamics of the labor market. Therefore, effective management of these challenges in Georgia depends on the development of progressive HRM policies and the targeted strengthening of human capital. Keywords: Globalization, Human Resource Management, Management, Global Strategy, Organizational Change. JEL classification: E24

With development of quantum computing, classical encryption systems are under risk. Cryptographers are trying to create enhanced algorithm and create alternatives that are secure against quantum attacks. This is crucial for securing sensitive data, communications and infrastructure in a postquantum world. Among hybrid encryption schemes Kyber+AES and ECC+AES are very popular. These systems are combining public-key algorithms with symmetric encryption to provide high security and performance. This paper compares these two hybrid systems based on the following key performance indicators: encryption time, decryption time and encrypted file size across different file sizes.For research was done program implementation in python using suitable libraries for these algorithms. Experimental results show that for classical systems ECC+AES is faster. However, if we need system to be secure in a quantum future, Kyber+AES might be the better choice.

In many national curricula, particularly in European contexts, sex education is recognized as an integral educational component aimed at raising awareness, mitigating health-related risks, and upholding fundamental human rights. Comprehensive sexuality education adopts a holistic approach, incorporating aspects of gender, emotional and mental health, relationships, consent, and personal well-being, rather than focusing solely on reproductive health. This study examines the key features of sex education in Norway, Spain, Canada, and Singapore, and compares them with the Georgian context. In countries such as Norway and Singapore, sex education is a compulsory component of the school curriculum, supported by specialized teacher training programs. In contrast, Georgia has yet to adopt a similar approach, largely due to prevailing conservative attitudes within society that continue to influence educational policy. This study identified several key challenges, including the limited presence of sex education topics within school curricula, inadequate teacher training, and societal reluctance to engage in open discussions on the subject. Considering international best practices, the study concludes that Georgia must adopt a more comprehensive and inclusive approach to sexuality education in order to address issues such as early marriage, teenage pregnancy, and sexual violence. The paper emphasizes the necessity of policy reform, teacher training, and community engagement to foster the development of an informed and healthy society.

As the tourism industry expands in scale, the importance of sustainable development is also increasing (World Tourism Organization [WTO], 2023). The principles of sustainable development aim to guide industry activities in a beneficial direction, ensuring the greatest possible advantages for society, nature, and the environment. Tourists, in addition to being consumers, are also important stakeholders in the industry, as highlighted in the principles of sustainable development. The economic and social development of the sector, including practices in the Adjara region, significantly depends on their choices and level of satisfaction. However, evaluations of organizations providing tourism services often reveal negative feedback from tourists. Complaints frequently relate to rude, indifferent, or inattentive attitudes. According to social acceptance theory, such issues arise when relationships between different parties are shaped by aggression and rejection rather than cooperation. Since tourists act both as stakeholders and consumers, it is essential that they have the right and opportunity to receive hospitality services in a healthy social environment. Representatives of the tourism industry also bear ethical and social responsibilities toward them. This article discusses the principles of sustainable tourism development and the concept of social acceptance. In particular, it examines the attitudes of tourism organizations in Adjara toward tourists. The main aim of the study was to determine the role of social acceptance in ensuring the sustainable development of the industry. The study was conducted through an online questionnaire. The results revealed that social acceptance plays an important role in the economic development of the industry. It also demonstrated the significance of sustainable development principles, particularly visitor satisfaction. Keywords: Tourism Industry, Sustainable Development, Social Acceptance

Innovation plays a crucial role in the Georgian tourism industry, which is striving to compete in the global market. This study, based on in-depth interviews, participant observation, and regression analysis, reveals that while both competition and government support significantly impact the level of innovation, their influence is relatively weak. The paper explores this phenomenon by integrating theoretical insights from Chen's (2017) pre-/post-innovation competition theory and Carvalho's (2011) agglomeration theory to explain how fragmented firms and a lack of centralized R&D systems diminish the overall innovation impact. Findings indicate that a key reason for this weakness is the lack of a formalized innovation decision-making process within tourism companies in Georgia. Innovation is not consistently embedded in the corporate culture, and management systems often fail to foster a strong orientation toward innovation. This leads to inefficient decision-making, weak implementation of innovative ideas, and limits the sector's potential for sustainable development. Thus, while competition and state support are vital external drivers, the internal organizational structure and culture play a more significant and challenging role in driving large-scale innovation. Keywords: Innovation, strength of Competition, state policy, Sustainable development

Language is a tool of social communication that is distinct and unique to each individual. One of the most widely used linguistic and expressive means of effective communication is the rhetorical question, which functions as a powerful mechanism of linguistic manipulation. The tendency to use rhetorical questions is particularly evident in mass media, especially in television programs, where speakers deliver ideological messages to viewers and attempt to influence public opinion. Rhetorical questions play a significant role in political discourse, as politicians aim to deliver their message persuasively to the public and gain their support. This paper analyzes the rhetorical questions identified in the pre-election speeches of Georgian politicians – on the one hand, within the context of political discourse, and on the other hand, within the framework of the communicative act. In our research, we took into account both the categories of the speech act – locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary – and the elaboration likelihood theory. We employed traditional research methods, including comparison and contrast, critical analysis, discourse analysis, functional-semantic analysis, as well as structural and linguistic-political analysis. The empirical material consists of rhetorical questions identified in the pre-election speeches of the leaders of the five parties that passed the electoral threshold in the parliamentary elections of Georgia held on October 26, 2024. The research revealed, on the one hand, the motivation of politicians – under what circumstances and for what purposes do the selected politicians use rhetorical questions – and, on the other hand, it describes the structure and components of contexts containing rhetorical questions. The paper represents an attempt to create a methodological framework that can be effectively applied to analyze a relatively under-researched phenomenon in the Georgian language – political rhetoric –and to identify the linguistic strategies employed by politicians within Georgian political discourse.

This review article examines the distinctive characteristics of the mandible (Lat. mandibula) of Homo Georgicus specimens discovered at the Early Pleistocene site of Dmanisi, Georgia. The Dmanisi mandibular remains represent a temporally and geographically restricted sample that provides a unique opportunity to assess morphological variability in early Homo. Through comparative morphometric analysis of mandibular body dimensions, the variability in size and shape of the Dmanisi fossils is evaluated relative to modern hominoids and other fossil hominins. The results show that the Dmanisi mandibles display significantly greater size variability than that observed in modern humans and greater shape variability of the mandibular body than in any extant species of great apes. The specimens share several diagnostic features, including a prominent torus mandibularis, a forward-projecting tuberculum marginale anterius, consistent patterns of foramina mentale positioning, and a characteristic dental arch shape. These findings contribute to our understanding of early Homo diversity and suggest a need to reconsider assumptions about sexual dimorphism in early members of our genus. The study underscores the taxonomic significance of mandibular variation in the Dmanisi sample and its implications for Hominin evolution and dispersal beyond Africa. Additionally, examination of evolutionary changes in jaw morphology has relevance not only in anthropology but also in modern dentistry, due to significant morpho-anatomical transformations over a relatively short evolutionary timespan.

Harmonic relations between the function and the structure of emerging computing, held together by vector logic, are proposed. The logical vector equivalents of these two opposite concepts emphasize their essential differences. A graph or structure is the logic of an image that is pleasing to the human eye. A vector is the logic of a function that is pleasant for computing. Structure and function are two forms of computing logic that are easily converted into each other based on vector logic. Vector logic is an intelligent modeling mechanism for stimulating processes and phenomena. A prompt computing engine for modeling faults in functions and structures specified by a logical vector is proposed. A cloud-based service (MOSI) modeling for the simulation of digital circuits, functionalities, and structures is announced.