Belgorod State Agricultural University

By the study results, the probiotic Mucinol given to cows at early lactation time at a dose of 20 ml per head day caused a 5.6-% increase in milk yield (p≤0.05) without changes in milk fat and protein content. Including Mucinol in the diet of cows affected the protein, carbohydrate, mineral and vitamin metabolism. For example, the total protein concentration in the blood of animals in the experimental group, compared to the control group, exceeded the lower reference limit and was significantly higher by 10.5 % (p≤0.05). The glucose level in both groups exceeded reference limits but it was lower by 14.7 % (p≤0.05) in the experimental group compared with control animals. The calcium-to-phosphorus ratio in experimental cows increased from 1.39 to 1.72 and became balanced. The carotene level increased significantly from 0.56 to 0.68 mg % (p≤0.05), indicating the activity and abundance of carotene-synthesising bacteria and other beneficial microorganisms in the digestive tract.

In this study, the effect of crop rotation structure and cereal saturation on winter wheat productivity under semiarid conditions of Uzbekistan was analyzed. The research was conducted over a 20‐year period (2002–2022) at the Samarkand branch of the Research Institute of Agriculture and Agro‐Technologies. Ten rotation schemes were examined. The experiment included three‐field and four‐field short crop rotations with different levels of cereal saturation (33.3%–100%) and contrasting predecessor crops, including legumes, cereals, row crops, and bare fallow. Crop rotation systems with varying levels of cereal saturation and diverse precursor crops were investigated. Winter wheat yield data were statistically analyzed using one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s HSD test ( p < 0.05), allowing the assessment of both productivity and interannual yield stability under contrasting rotation systems. It was determined that rotations incorporating legumes significantly improved grain yield and marketable output. It was established that the highest yields were observed in four‐field rotations with chickpea as a precursor and full cereal saturation. It was revealed that continuous winter wheat cultivation resulted in the lowest yields due to soil fatigue and disease accumulation. Integration of legumes improved soil nitrogen availability and resilience to climatic stress. Diversified rotations provided better interannual yield stability. Optimizing rotation structure is critical for sustainable wheat production in arid environments. It was proposed that legume–cereal rotations with ≥ 75% cereal saturation represent a viable model for semiarid farming systems.

Heat-resistant titanium alloys are used to manufacture parts operating at elevated temperatures. The use of these alloys is limited by a noticeable decrease in strength characteristics at temperatures of 500-600°C, mainly due to the absence of high-temperature strengthening mechanisms. A promising approach to increasing the strength of titanium alloys at room and elevated temperatures is the creation of metal-matrix composites (MMC) by introducing high-strength refractory ceramic phases into a plastic titanium matrix. The aim of this work was to study the effect of the production method (casting and spark plasma sintering (SPS)) on the structure and mechanical properties of Ti-6.5Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V alloy reinforced with TiB during hot rolling. Hot rolling resulted in a slight increase in the strength of the cast composite - the yield strength values increased from 890 to 940 MPa after hot rolling by 20 and 50% and increased to 950 MPa after hot rolling by 80% and a significant increase in ductility - after hot rolling by 80%, the ductility of the cast composite increased from 8.5 to 19.5%. While the composite samples after SPS in the initial state and after 20% hot rolling failed in the elastic region, hot rolling by 50 and 80% resulted in a significant increase in the ductility of the composite after SPS to 6 and 12.5% at yield strength values of 1200 and 1250 MPa, respectively. The study of the structure of the cast and composite after IPS after hot rolling at T=800°C to a deformation degree of 80% using EBSD analysis showed a significant refinement of the structure, leading to the formation of a homogeneous globular structure with an average grain/particle size of about ~4 μm and a TiB fiber length of ~5 μm.

This study is devoted to a comprehensive linguocultural analysis of the polysemy of the Old English lexeme helm in the heroic epic "Beowulf". The aim of the work is to determine all identified cases of the root’s usage and to analyze their functions in the poetic discourse. The lexeme helm operates as a central element in a complex semantic system that reflects the hierarchy of patronage in Anglo-Saxon culture. Both purely utilitarian uses and those within historical-cultural contexts are considered. The research differentiates true kennings (metaphors) from descriptive compounds (metonymies), and also examines the syntactic stability of the helm Scyldinga formula as an institutional title. The lexicon of helm serves as a structural instrument to express the main idea that all earthly forms of protection are temporary and powerless in comparison to eternal, divine patronage. The methodology focuses on morphological variants, syntactic surroundings, and direct collocative relationships, employing the principles of Old English morphology for precise identification of case forms. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the author’s complex linguocultural approach to analyzing the polysemy of the Old English lexeme helm in the poem "Beowulf". A philological distinction is made between true kennings and descriptive compounds. This distinction allows for precise identification of when the poet uses helm to denote a sacred or political status and when it is simply used to describe equipment. The syntactic stability of the helm Scyldinga formula (Nom. Sing.) is defined, proving its function as a fixed institutional title. A direct correlation is established between linguistic descriptions of elite equipment (grímhelmas, mask-helmets) and archaeological finds (for example, the Sutton Hoo helmet), which verifies the high social and military status of the wearers of such equipment in Anglo-Saxon culture, comparing it with variations in the poem.

The paper provides information on the effectiveness of using a two-component herbicide on soybean crops. The effectiveness of its use at different rates of application and introduction, both with and without adjuvants, as well as the species sensitivity of weeds to the active ingredients of the drug have been studied. Options for chemical weeding have been identified with the most effective and safe consumption rates of herbicide with adjuvants, in a tank mixture with which it was possible to achieve maximum suppression of dicotyledonous and cereal weeds and ensure a high yield of soybean grain up to 3.35 t/ha. The species composition and number of weeds in the crop before the protective measure differed from year to year, but in all years of testing, the predominant annual weed species were Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album, and Echinochloacrus galli. In 2018, the total number of annual dicotyledonous weeds reached 29 ind/m2, with the largest numbers of upturned acorn weed and white pigweed. Perennial dicotyledonous weeds were represented by thistle (Cirsium arvense) and thistle (Sonchus arvensis). Among the cereal species, common barnyard grass and gray bristle grass (Setaria glauca) were observed in the experiment. Before treatment with the herbicide, they were in the phase of 1–3 leaves, which made their species identification difficult, so their total number was taken into account. The total number of weeds before the experiment was 64 ind/m2. The year 2019 had the highest number of weeds, when the crop was sown with 496 specimens of unwanted plants with a predominance of upturned acorn and white goosefoot.

Research has proven the effective operation of biogas plants for waste disposal and generation of electricity. In the work, the technology of utilization of manure effluents and waste from a meat processing plant by anaerobic fermentation in a biogas plant was analyzed. In the course of the study, it was established that the formation of biogas and its further conversion into electricity, and the resulting substrate of the fermenter, which chemically corresponds to organic fertilizers. The study revealed that the biogas plant does not emit pollutants into the atmospheric air. The high efficiency of the plant on renewable raw materials (piglets) for the production of biogas and its conversion into electrical energy is justified.

In this study, the conditions for the submerged biosynthesis of the antibiotic landomycin A by the strain Streptomyces cyanogenus S137 were investigated. Various nutrient media based on soybean and corn extracts were tested to enhance product yield. Optimal fermentation parameters, including temperature, stirring speed, and fermentation duration, were established. The study demonstrated that modifications in nutrient components and cultivation conditions allow for an antibiotic yield of up to 80 μg/ml, with a significant reduction in media cost. The most effective conditions were a temperature of 25 ± 1°C and a stirring intensity of 230 rpm. The results showed that using corn flour and soybean extract as alternative components to expensive soy tryptone significantly improves biosynthesis efficiency while lowering production costs. Additionally, the strain exhibited a high demand for aeration, achieved through increased agitation speed. The findings provide valuable insights for optimizing the industrial production of landomycin A and demonstrate the potential of cost-effective nutrient media in large-scale antibiotic production. This research contributes to the advancement of microbial biotechnology and offers practical approaches to enhancing the economic viability of antibiotic manufacturing in industrial settings.

This article presents the results of a study of monetary regulation in oil-producing countries.The features of exchange rate formation, the use of refinancing tools, anti-inflationary policies are disclosed.Some features of the organizational foundations of the monetary policy of these countries are shown.The criteria for the effectiveness of national monetary policy are highlighted.

The theoretical and experimental information on the establishment of diagnostic criteria for automatic digital thermal diagnostics of mechanical transmission components of transport and technological machines is summarized. According to the results of laboratory tests of the diagnostic device, the optimal value of the time interval for measuring the temperature of the diagnosed component according to the criterion of type II errors, false triggering, is determined.

This article presents the results of field research conducted on the territory of the Central Chernozem region of Russia. The factors of the experiment are mineral fertilizers containing macronutrients (NPK) and the cultivation of a sideral crop (white mustard). The indicators of the biological activity of the soil (typical chernozem) by the method of “decomposition of linen cloth” are considered. It has been established that the highest values of the studied indicator are achieved when sowing a sideral crop without the use of mineral fertilizers. In a soil layer of 0-20 cm, the best result was observed on a corn crop, where the biological activity in this variant is 41.3%. In a soil layer of 20-40 cm, with a similar combination of factors, the highest result was observed on a winter wheat crop (35.4%). The regularity of a decrease in the biological activity of the soil with an increase in the depth of sampling of the analyzed samples is noted.