Bhavnagar University

The Raspberry Pi represents a low-cost, small sized single board computer designed to encourage computer science education and provide applications for various purposes.Over the years, the Raspberry Pi has become a flexible computing platform for education, embedded applications, the Internet of Things (IoT) community, robotics, home automation, and industrial automation.This study gives a complete description of the Raspberry Pi system.It includes the computer system architecture, the history of the Raspberry Pi system on chip, the available memory and storage solutions, connectivity modules, and support for various external devices.A comparison among various Raspberry Pi boards explains the performance variations, power requirements, and applications of the Raspberry Pi 4 Model B and the Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W. The use of Raspberry Pi operating system software and various computer science education tools, such as Python, Scratch, Greenfoot, and BlueJ, has been discussed to demonstrate the viability of Raspberry Pi for computer science education.The Raspberry Pi computer represents a scalable, efficient, and accessible platform.It fills the gap for computer science education and engineering applications across various fields of study.

IntroductionRevision lumbar spine surgery is an increasing challenge, often necessitated by adjacent segment disease (ASD), recurrent stenosis, or implant-related complications. This study aimed to analyze the etiology and short-term outcomes of revision lumbar surgeries at a tertiary spine center.Materials and methodsA prospective observational study was conducted at our institute, including all revision lumbar surgeries performed during the defined study period. Data collected included patient demographics, details of the index surgery, presenting complaints, indications for revision, characteristics of the revision procedure, and six-month postoperative outcomes (Visual Analogue Score (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI)).ResultsA total of 103 revision surgeries (mean age 58.3 years; 54 females, 49 males) were included. Those in Group A were revised within two years (n=50, 49%); Group B were revised between two to five years (n=25, 24%); and Group C were revised more than five years after the index surgery (n=28, 27%). In Group A, revisions were predominantly in patients who had fusion procedures in the first surgery. In contrast, Group C had more patients whose index procedure was non-fusion. Analysis of the preoperative radiographs of previous surgeries revealed overlooked ASD, foraminal stenosis, and inadequately decompressed stenotic segments. Statistically significant improvement in pain and functional outcomes was noted at the six-month follow-up.ConclusionPrevention of early revision lumbar surgery requires adequate decompression during the primary procedure, identification and prophylactic treatment of partially stenotic adjacent levels, and recognition and decompression of the foraminal stenosis.

A bstract Guillain–Barre syndrome (GBS) is an auto-immune disorder that damages the myelin sheath of peripheral nerves, leading to muscle weakness and paralysis. Nearly two-thirds of GBS cases involve autonomic symptoms. This case study describes the recovery of a 2.5-year-old girl with GBS following several months of intensive physiotherapy. Initially hospitalized due to tachycardia and profound muscle weakness, she required ventilatory support for respiratory failure. After stabilization and various treatments, she was discharged after 81 days but still remained unable to walk independently. Physiotherapy commenced during hospitalization, focusing on progressive resistance exercises and functional training, which were continued post-discharge. Recovery was assessed using heart rate variability (HRV), the GBS disability index, and muscle strength (MS), monitored at 10-day intervals. Over 7.5 months of follow-up, the patient demonstrated significant improvements in MS, disability index, and autonomic modulation. Within a month of therapy, she transitioned from wheelchair dependence to assisted walking, ultimately achieving full independence. Upper- and lower-extremity MS showed parallel recovery, underscoring the role of structured physiotherapy in functional restoration. HRV metrics indicated improved autonomic regulation, with Poincaré plots reflecting the transition from limited to enhanced variability. This case highlights the importance of early physiotherapy in pediatric GBS recovery, demonstrating the interplay between MS, functional ability, and autonomic balance. HRV monitoring may serve as a valuable tool for guiding treatment strategies, warranting further research in larger pediatric GBS populations.

IntroductionThe current consensus for treating sagittal imbalance in degenerative spine disease supports deformity correction. However, there is a growing trend toward limited fusion, particularly in patients presenting predominantly with leg symptoms. The present study aimed to compare radiological and clinical outcomes following lumbar fusion between patients with postoperative sagittal balance and those with residual imbalance.MethodsThis study included 270 patients who underwent limited lumbar arthrodesis and were followed for two years. Radiological parameters-sagittal vertical axis (SVA), pelvic incidence (PI), pelvic tilt (PT), and sacral slope (SS)-were recorded preoperatively and at the final follow-up. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and Short Form-36 (SF-36). Patients were divided into two groups based on postoperative sagittal alignment: balanced (SVA < 50 mm) and imbalanced (SVA > 50 mm). Both intragroup pre- and postoperative improvements and intergroup differences in outcomes were analyzed.ResultsOut of 270 patients, 194 had good sagittal alignment and 76 had sagittal imbalance (SVA > 50 mm). Both groups showed significant postoperative (two-year follow-up) improvement in quality-of-life scores (VAS, ODI, and SF-36) compared with baseline values (p < 0.001). However, when comparing the degree of improvement between the balanced and imbalanced groups, no statistically significant differences were observed. A significant but weak negative correlation was noted between the change in the VAS score and the socioeconomic status in patients with sagittal imbalance of the spine.ConclusionIn appropriately selected patients, limited lumbar fusion can achieve favorable short-term outcomes irrespective of postoperative sagittal alignment. These findings suggest that extensive deformity correction may not always be necessary in degenerative cases presenting primarily with leg symptoms.

The targets given to health workers related to Maternal and Child health services are often not achieved and sometimes overachieved. This study was conducted to assess the actual target achievement of the year 2019–2020 in the rural area of the Bhavnagar district and to explore the perspectives of health functionaries regarding the targets related to MCH services and their achievement. The study was conducted by visiting all houses of the selected villages. Demographic and MCH service related information was obtained from Mother and child protection card and by interview of one adult family member of the household. Qualitative study was conducted by doing in-depth interviews of health care functionaries. The actual target achievements for early pregnancy registration were found 46% higher & 19.5% lower than the officially recorded achievement of poor & good performing sub-centers respectively. Similarly for institutional delivery, the target achievements were found 35.4% higher & 13.7% lower respectively. However, the achievements for full immunization were found higher in both the groups, 33% & 3.8% respectively. The chief reasons perceived by health workers for underachievement of targets were - unrealistic targets given by higher authority, migration related issues in the field and socio-cultural factors. The actual achievements of the poor performing sub-centres were found much higher than the official achievement records. Irrational target assignment was one of the key reasons found to be responsible for underachievement of targets.

Osteoblastoma is a rare benign bone tumor that may exhibit locally aggressive behavior. The cervical spine is the most frequently involved region, and delayed diagnosis can lead to progressive symptoms and neurological deficits. Surgical excision remains the definitive treatment to prevent morbidity. A 15-year-old male presented with a 14-month history of persistent neck pain and right upper limb radiculopathy. Radiological evaluation identified an expansile lesion arising from the right transverse process of the sixth cervical vertebra (C6), involving adjacent neurovascular structures. The lesion was surgically excised with meticulous preservation of the surrounding neurovascular anatomy. Intraoperative three-dimensional computed tomography (3D CT) was utilized to verify complete tumor excision, while continuous intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) ensured neural function preservation and enhanced surgical safety. Histopathological examination confirmed osteoblastoma. Preoperatively, the patient exhibited severe disability (Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) score of 70) and intense pain (NumericRating Scale (NRS) score of 8). Postoperatively, remarkable clinical improvement was noted, with ODI reduced to 10 and NRS to 1, indicating minimal disability and significant pain relief. No recurrence was observed at five-year follow-up. This case highlights the crucial role of timely imaging and accurate diagnosis in cervical spinal osteoblastoma management. The combination of enabling technologies, namely intraoperative 3D CT and IONM, facilitates safe, complete tumor excision in vascularly complex locations and results in excellent functional recovery.

A rare case of a congenital laryngeal cyst in a neonate of just 10 days old, having stridor and respiratory distress is reported which is often misdiagnosed as a laryngomalacia. Prompt diagnosis and early treatment are necessary in such cases as delay in diagnosis can cause airway obstruction which may be fatal. The diagnosis was aided by bedside ultrasonography and confirmed through nasopharyngeal laryngoscopy. Endoscopic deroofing followed by laser marsupialization was successfully performed. This case highlights utility of bedside ultrasonography as a valuable and noninvasive tool for early detection of supraglottic airway anomalies in neonates.

Disaster management has evolved from a reactive model of post-event relief to a proactive, multifaceted discipline that integrates risk reduction, preparedness, response, and recovery.This paper provides an exhaustive examination of this evolution-from the early days when governments responded ad hoc to catastrophic events, to the development of coordinated national and global frameworks aimed at mitigating disaster impact.The domain of disaster management, which subsumes emergency management and risk reduction, is investigated through the lens of how researchers and practitioners conceptualize the field, the evolution of its measurement systems, and the development of theoretical models.In reviewing over a century of research literature, we explore historical turning points, such as the establishment of civil defence, the post-World War II era of reconstruction and preparedness, and the paradigm shifts associated with the Yokohama, Hyogo, and Sendai frameworks.We further discuss notable models-including the four-phase disaster cycle, structural

The Kathiawar Peninsula's coastal areas, crucial for Arabian Sea trade, face significant human impact from industries and fishing, potentially affecting intertidal life. The study explores the population dynamics of the mudskipper Scartelaos histophorus in the coastal area of Bhavnagar district, Gujarat, India, focusing on its ecological status along the muddy-rocky intertidal coastline. The research, using the quadrat method, categorized data into four seasons from 2022-23 to 2023-24. Hathab Coast showed the highest density and abundance of Scartelaos histophorus due to muddy habitats, while Ghogha had significant mangrove coverage. The mudskipper population characteristics were strongly correlated with the quantity and thickness of the mud layer, as it constructs burrows in the muddy substrate. Scartelaos histophorus was predominantly found in the upper intertidal zone during low tides.