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Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) remains a clinically and immunologically heterogeneous disease influenced by parasite species and host immune responses. In this study, seventeen CL cases were assessed through lesion characteristics, histopathological analysis and Kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)figure. Lesions mainly appeared on exposed body parts, especially the face (64.70%) and most patients had a single lesion. kDNA PCR confirmed CL in 58.82% (n=10) of cases, identifying Leishmania donovani (720 bp) in 5 cases and L. major (560–590 bp) 5 cases as the circulating species. Immunological analysis showed reduction in T-lymphocytes in CL patients compared to Healthy Controls (HC), largely due to a significant decrease in CD8⁺ T cells (p=0.036), while CD4⁺ T cell levels remained stable. Further stratification based on CL PCR positivity showed that reductions in T-lymphocytes (p=0.045) were confined to patients with confirmed Leishmania infection, again attributed mainly to decreased CD8⁺ T cells (p=0.040). No notable changes were observed in B cells, NK cells, or NKT cells. These findings highlight CL infection positivity status-dependent variations in host immune responses and emphasize the importance of CD8⁺ T-lymphocytes in CL pathogenesis and disease outcome.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition with limited therapeutic options owing to poor intrinsic regeneration and the formation of glial scars. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP)-based biomaterials have emerged as promising candidates for neural repair; however, their application in complete SCI models with rigorous multimodal validation has not yet been investigated. This study aimed to extend the current knowledge on SCI-PRP based study,by developing and comprehensively validating a clinically translatable PRP-derived fibrin scaffold for spinal cord regeneration. PRP-fibrin scaffolds were synthesized from donor-derived plasma and extensively characterized in terms of their physicochemical properties, degradation profiles, protein release dynamics, and cellular compatibility. Its regenerative potential was evaluated using an integrative pipeline that included in ovo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assays, a complete spinal cord transection rat model, and multimodal outcome measures, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), retrograde neuronal tracttracing, electrophysiological recordings, and gene expression analyses. The scaffold exhibited favorable structural and biochemical characteristics, supported angiogenesis in the CAM assay, and promoted tissue integration in vivo. In an SCI model, the scaffold significantly enhanced neovascularization, reduced glial scarring, and facilitated axonal regeneration. Functional improvements were observed 30days' post-implantation. In silico docking further demonstrated stable interactions between scaffold proteins and key neuroregenerative signaling molecules. This study provides multimodal validation of the derived fibrin scaffold, establishing it as a robust ECM-mimetic platform for spinal cord repair. These findings lay the groundwork for future clinical translation of SCI therapeutics.

Kalatop–Khajjiar Wildlife Sanctuary represents one of the ecologically significant forested landscapes of the northwestern Himalaya; however, updated and systematic documentation of its vascular flora has remained limited. In view of increasing anthropogenic pressures and climate variability, a comprehensive floristic survey was undertaken during 2023–2025 to assess the plant diversity and conservation status of the sanctuary. A total of 141 plant species representing 112 genera and 53 families were recorded. Out of these, 136 species belonged to angiosperms and five species to gymnosperms. Among dicotyledons, Asteraceae was the most dominant family, with 24 species. Among the monocotyledons, Orchidaceae was the most dominant family, with five species. The study area is dominated by native species, and only 9.93% of species were alien. The sanctuary hosts ten endangered plant species, including Taxus contorta and Lilium polyphyllum. The findings highlight the sanctuary as a reservoir of native and threatened plant diversity in the western Himalaya. The recorded baseline data serve as critical resources for biodiversity assessment, habitat management, and conservation strategy development. It is imperative to reinforce protective measures and support long-term ecological monitoring to safeguard this fragile ecosystem against emerging environmental challenges.

Trichoderma species , particularly those responsible for the green Mold disease , pose a major threat to the commercial cultivation of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) , leading to a significant yield losses ,reduced quality, and increased production costs, conventional chemical fungicide have shown declining effectiveness due to resistance development and environmental concerns , creating an urgent need for eco- friendly alternatives . in the present study a bio fungicide was formulated using Trachyspermum ammi (ajwain) seed extract , known for its antimicrobial activity and antifungal phytochemicals, enhanced through green synthesis of silver nanoparticles(ag NPs) using the same extract as the reducing and stabilizing agent this green synthesis combined the intrinsic antifungal activity if ajwain with the high surface reactivity of a nano silver, producing a synergetic effect against Trichoderma species ,and interfere with some spore germination thereby inhibiting the colonization in mushroom substrates. The use of plant- based reducing agents ensures non- toxic , sustainable nanoparticles production, making the formulation suitable for agricultural applications. Overall, the ajwain -mediated Ag Np’s bio fungicide demonstrates string potential as an effective and environmentally safe to mange mushroom cultivation.

The recent development in polymer science has gone beyond the traditional linear and randomly functionalizable macromolecules to the architected polymer systems, which integrate modular synthesis and dynamic responsiveness. Although the literature related to polymer synthesis and stimuli-responsive materials and applications is widely discussed, it is common to review the aspects independently, restricting a complete picture of how architectural modularity controls adaptive performance. This gap is filled in this review with an integrated framework of relating modular polymer synthesis, stimuli-responsive design, and application-oriented functionality in a single coherent design philosophy. The scientific novelty of this review is that the focus on modular polymers is not only on synthetic constructs, but is a programmable functional scaffold where the structural precision is the direct determinant of responsiveness, multifunctionality, and performance. Controlled polymerization and post-polymerization modification regimes are mentioned to be tools that allow precise positioning of functional modules, and this allows polymers to respond in predictable ways to environmental stimuli like pH, temperature, light, redox conditions, etc. In addition, the review identifies the role of a synergistic combination of various responsive modules in the emergence of behaviours that would not be reached in conventional polymer systems. This review offers a coherent viewpoint on the future of functional polymers of the next generation by bringing together synthetic approaches to nano-responsive behaviour and real-world technologies, such as drug delivery, self-healing surfaces, adaptive surfaces, and biosensing surfaces. The framework in the present paper provides a logical route towards the development of environmentally friendly, multifunctional, and adjustable polymer structures.

The swift development of digital technologies has changed modern educational systems. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) have become momentous tools for enhancing teaching and learning procedures. Secondary school students must develop digital competencies to intermingle effectively with these technologies and formulate for future careers in a digital society. AI literacy refers to the knowledge and skills essential to recognize, use, and critically evaluate artificial intelligence systems, while ICT integration denotes to the systematic use of digital technologies such as computers, internet resources, and multimedia tools in educational locations. This article studies the relationship between AI literacy and ICT integration among secondary school students. It converses the conceptual foundations of AI literacy, the role of ICT in education, profits of digital learning environments, and challenges handled in implementing technology-based schooling. The study highpoints that effective ICT integration provisions the progress of AI literacy by attracting students’ digital skills, critical thinking abilities, and problem-solving abilities. However, issues such as dearth of infrastructure, teacher training, and digital inequality stay hinder effective implementation in schools. The paper highlight that curriculum reforms, teacher professional progress, and better technological infrastructure are required to indorse AI literacy and digital competence among secondary school students.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a transformative technology that shape modern societies. Its covered wide range such as healthcare, education, long-term care, public governance, and labor markets. AI offers significant benefits such as improved efficiency, data-driven decision-making, and innovative service but it also raises important concerns about social inequality. The impacts of AI are not distributed equally across populations. Social groups such as race, class, gender gap, disability, and geographic location may experience different outcomes due to unequal access to technology, biased datasets, and structural inequalities embedded in algorithmic systems. This paper explores how AI can both widen and decrease social inequalities. It examines algorithmic bias, the digital gap, and the unequal distribution of technological advantages across key social sectors including healthcare, education, labor markets, and long-term care. Study also discusses ethical frameworks and policy strategies that can increase inclusive AI development. By exploring both the disadvantages and disadvantages of AI systems, the article highlights that responsible governance, equitable technological design, and inclusive data practices are important to ensure that AI promote social justice rather than reinforcing existing inequalities.