Biotechnology Research Institute

Antipyretic drugs are widely used to manage fever and pain and are generally regarded as safe when administered within recommended therapeutic ranges. Nevertheless, concerns remain regarding the potential biological effects associated with repeated or sub-chronic exposure. The present study evaluated the hematological, histopathological, and molecular effects of two commonly used antipyretics, paracetamol and ibuprofen, following repeated administration in male albino mice. Hematological analysis revealed drug-related alterations in selected blood parameters, with more pronounced changes observed in ibuprofen-treated groups, while paracetamol exposure was associated with comparatively milder effects. Qualitative histopathological examination demonstrated organ-specific structural alterations in the testes, liver, kidneys, and stomach, which were generally mild in nature and more frequently observed at higher experimental dose levels. No evidence of overt testicular failure or severe tissue damage was detected within the exposure period. At the molecular level, repeated exposure to paracetamol and ibuprofen was associated with downregulation of TNF-α and connexin 43 mRNA expression in peripheral blood, suggesting early systemic transcriptional responses accompanying the observed histological changes. However, molecular findings were limited to mRNA expression analysis and did not include protein-level or tissue-specific validation. Overall, the results indicate that repeated sub-chronic exposure to paracetamol and ibuprofen at therapeutic-equivalent dose ranges may be associated with early hematological, histological, and molecular alterations in mice. These findings highlight the importance of cautious and rational use of widely prescribed antipyretic drugs and underscore the need for further studies to elucidate long-term safety, underlying mechanisms, and tissue-specific functional outcomes.

The biological activity of silver-based antimicrobial agents is strongly influenced by the source and generation method of silver ions (Ag⁺); however, a direct comparison of their efficacy from different sources has not been previously reported. In this study, we systematically compared the antibacterial and anti-virulence effects of Ag⁺ derived from three sources: direct current (DC) electrolysis, silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs), and silver nitrate (AgNO₃), standardized to 400 ppm. Electrolyzed Ag⁺ exhibited the strongest antibacterial effect, reducing viable counts of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus by 91.06% and 71.10%, respectively. It also caused substantial membrane disruption, reduced motility, and increased cellular leakage, as confirmed by SEM imaging, DNA and K⁺ ion leakage, and extracellular protein release. Furthermore, electrolyzed Ag⁺ most effectively suppressed key virulence factors, including biofilm formation, pigment production (pyocyanin, staphyloxanthin), and the activities of protease, esterase, and hemolysin. Despite identical Ag⁺ concentrations, the biological activity varied significantly with ion source, underscoring the importance of the delivery mechanism. These findings highlight the superior efficacy of electrolyzed Ag⁺ and support its potential application in clinical, environmental, and industrial antimicrobial strategies.

A data-independent acquisition (DIA)-based proteomic analysis was performed to evaluate the unintended effects of fad2-1-gene-edited soybean line AE15 seeds. A total of 561, 269, and 227 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified in seeds from three consecutive generations of AE15 soybean, respectively, and were primarily enriched in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways related to carbon metabolism, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, and proteasome function. Furthermore, eight commonly differentially expressed proteins (co-DEPs) were detected across all three generations of AE15 soybean seeds, among which two-beta-amylase and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen protein-retaining receptor-exhibited consistently upregulated expression. In the wild-type soybean control groups, 1063, 989, and 671 DEPs were identified across the three comparisons (ZhH302E3/ZhH10, ZhH10/ZhH42, and ZhH42/ZhH302E3), among which 71 co-DEPs were observed. These findings indicate that the protein expression profile alterations resulting from fad2-1 gene editing are considerably less pronounced compared to those caused by natural genetic variation among soybean seeds.