Bowling Green State University

It remains a persistent point of contention among igneous petrologists as to how alkaline magmas generated by small degrees of melting within the upper-most convecting mantle can traverse through relatively cool continental lithosphere without freezing and being trapped at depth. Melting experiments demonstrate that volatile-rich, silica-undersaturated liquid react with peridotite under P-T conditions equivalent to the base of lithosphere and can form hydrous cumulates consisting of clinopyroxene, amphibole and phlogopite1-3. Furthermore, this metasomatic process enriches the mantle in incompatible elements in amounts similar to basalt (i.e. nephelinite, basanite) and may be a melt source for alkaline lavas4. The experiments and theoretical models provide important clues as to the cause and source of alkaline volcanism that occur within plates but demand evidence from natural settings. Here we present major and trace elements and 40Ar/39Ar ages from Pliocene-Pleistocene, olivine-phyric alkaline basalt erupted through extended continental lithosphere within and bordering the Terror Rift, southwestern Ross Sea, Antarctica. Subaerial and submarine basaltic tephra and lava from this region contain mantle xenoliths that include hydrous-phases that also display melt-solid reaction textures5,6. We compare basalt erupted across the central portion of the rift with basalt erupted at the rift shoulder along the base of the Transantarctic Mountains7,8. Our comparison shows that silica-undersaturation (i.e. nepheline-normative content) and highly incompatible trace element concentrations decrease with decreasing degree east longitude within the rift and on average are at their lowest on the rift shoulder. Variable degrees of partial melting of a common mantle source are modelled to match the trace element trends but require an unrealistic range of values: F = 95 km) relative to the central rift (

The western part of the Ross Sea embayment of Antarctica is a showcase of the interaction among Earth systems at various time and spatial scales marked by volcanic and magmatic emergences. We present a comprehensive investigation on the distribution and the vicinity of volcanic constructs within the western Ross Sea seafloor, which likely interacted with multiple advances and retreats of continental icesheets over time, using data acquired during the NBP25-01 Expedition(February-April 2025) on RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer. Our study area is delimited by Ross Ice Shelf and Ross Island on the south and the Pacific to the north and is bordered by Transantarctic Mountains to the west and the Victoria Land Basin to the east with Terror Rift, currently an active magmatic rift under thick sediments, in between. Our expedition provides a refined view of the seafloor composed of widespread underwater volcanism within the Terror Rift Volcanic Field (TRVF) that include several polygenetic volcanic edifices, some of which appear to be highly eroded by ice sheets. Numerous monogenic volcanic cones were also identified, including a remarkable morphological type of flat-topped seamounts that are found throughout the western Ross Sea. They were mapped, sampled, and imaged, all of which provide evidence of varying amounts of erosion, that we suggest is caused by their interaction with grounded or pinned icesheets/shelves in past, including possible interaction during eruption of submarine volcanoes (i.e. glaciovolcanism). To better understand the lithosphere evolution with widespread volcanism that comprise the TRVF, including within the modern rift itself, we also present new heat flow measurements made during the NBP2501 Expedition via a violin-bow type heat flow probe. We conducted a total of 28 heat flow measurements along and across Terror Rift, from the Drygalski Ice Tongue to offshore Ross Island, which is twice the number of measurements taken by previous expeditions in total. The measured heat flow is ~30 and ~5 mW/m2 higher than that of previously modeled in the northern and southern part of the basin, respectively. Conductive thermal modeling of volcanism along faults cannot fully explain the heat flow pattern of 90-110 mW/m2 across the Terror Rift. Whereas hydrothermal cooling can effectively extract heat from young volcanism, as evidenced by imagery of and recovery of thermally altered materials, fluid circulation alone cannot simulate the heat flow pattern. The seafloor may experience a near-pure conductive heating condition during the Last Glacial Maximum as been suggested by our seafloor morphology characterization above. However,the high heat flow (at average of 100 mW/m2) would melt the base of thick ice at a rate of ~1 mm/yr, creating a nearly equivalent condition as in an open ocean setting. We therefore suggest the observed heat flow pattern is overwhelmingly reflecting a broader tectonic process, likely associated with a steeper geotherm through the lithosphere while minimizing the “icy blanket” effect in the Ross Sea, implying a shallower lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary at 45-55 km below seafloor across the Terror rift. These findings are critical to models for lithospheric rigidity and isostatic response to glacial cyclicity.

Submarine volcanism in Antarctica remains one of the least explored yet geodynamically important processes on Earth. The Terror Rift, located in the western Ross Sea, is a zone of active extension, long-lived magmatism, and cryosphere–lithosphere interaction. Along its eastern boundary, the Lee Arch hosts several flat-topped seamounts that were previously interpreted as mud volcanoes based on vintage seismic data (Busetti et al., 2024). New evidence from Expedition NBP25-01 contradicts this interpretation (Tominaga et al., 2025). Rock samples from dredges and seafloor imagery confirm the presence of hyaloclastite breccia, hyalotuff, coherent lava fragments, ash, and agglutinated ash-lapilli, indicating a dominantly explosive volcanic origin for these edifices.Here, we integrate new multichannel seismic profiles from Expedition NBP24-02 with reprocessed vintage multichannel data from Expedition IT-90RS, together with ground-truthing from Expedition NBP25-01, to assess the volcano–tectonic architecture of the Flapjack Field on the Lee Arch. The seismic profiles image extensive normal faulting along the eastern shoulder of the Terror Rift, with dense fault systems extending beneath the Flapjack Field. These fault corridors align with volcanic edifices and likely acted as preferential magma ascent pathways, enabling focused volcanism along the rift margin. Seismic images reveal a broadly consistent internal architecture across several flat-topped edifices, characterized by incoherent seismic facies in their central portions and spatially limited, outward-dipping stratified reflections forming progradational flank sequences. We interpret the incoherent central domains as massive hyaloclastite and breccia accumulated within confined eruptive cavities close to the vent, whereas the stratified flanks consist of volcaniclastic deposits emplaced by subaqueous density currents and gravity-driven mass flows. The general absence of pronounced seismic attenuation suggests that thick sequences of coherent volcanic rocks are absent, consistent with findings from Expedition NBP25-01 (Tominaga et al., 2025). The morphology and internal architecture support interpretation of these seamounts as subglacial volcanoes emplaced beneath grounded ice, analogous to tuyas or tindars. Our results demonstrate a tight coupling between fault-controlled magma ascent and subglacial volcanism along the eastern margin of the Terror Rift.

Preschoolers with developmental language disorder may substitute object case pronouns in the subject position of sentences. This study explored whether pronoun case accuracy in spontaneous language samples was associated with the provision of personal pronouns in probes that use structural priming. Seventeen Head Start preschoolers participated. Two categorical measures were calculated based on the absence of spontaneous case errors in 15-min language samples and the presence of personal pronouns in responses to formal priming items on a standardized assessment. Children who produced spontaneous pronoun case errors were less likely to respond to priming with he, she, him , or her in subject position, instead producing lexical noun phrases such as “the boy.” A prerequisite knowledge of English’s case system may be needed for uptake of structural priming in standardized assessments. Preschoolers with immature pronoun case knowledge may not exhibit pronoun case errors during structured formal tasks that rely on priming cues.

ABSTRACT Objective We examined combined effects of chronic exposure to school, family, community, and interethnic-political violence encountered by Israeli and Palestinian youth. Our goal was to estimate the impacts of cross-contextual exposure to violence during childhood/early adolescence on post-traumatic stress (PTS) symptoms and aggressive behavior in late adolescence/young adulthood. Method Participants were children and one of their caregivers first recruited in 2008 for an initial three yearly waves of surveys from three age cohorts (starting ages 8, 11, 14); a randomly selected reduced sample of original participants was drawn in 2014 to yield four-wave samples of Israeli Jewish (N = 162) and Palestinian Arab (N = 400) youth; sex of child was evenly distributed across cohorts as well as ethnic groups. At all waves, youth and/or their caregivers reported on youths’ exposure to violence. Youth self-reported PTS symptoms, and youth and caregivers provided ratings for a composite measure of aggression at all waves. Results Regressions controlling social demographics and baseline criterion scores showed significant prediction to both PTS and aggression from chronic, multi-contextual exposures. For aggression, exposure to persistent interethnic-political violence was a significant predictor. For PTS, exposures to persistent interethnic-political and family violence were significant predictors. Conclusion Chronic exposure to violence across multiple contexts – particularly persistent interethnic-political violence – from childhood through very early adulthood amplifies aggressive behavior as well as post-traumatic stress. Researchers should incorporate indicators of chronicity and cross-contextual exposure into studies on the effects of violence in the social environment.

ABSTRACT .Despite classified/hourly/non-exempt staff members’ significant presence in the higher education labor force, this class of employees is rarely studied. The limited literature documents their frequent experiences of sexism and classism, as well as limited advancement opportunities, despite their contributions to the mission of their institutions. Women in classified roles additionally experience sexism, and their contributions often are undervalued and made invisible within inequitable, gendered hierarchies in their institutions. In this instrumental case study, we explored how 13 women in hourly/classified staff positions, who had worked at the same university for over 25 years, resisted gendered hierarchies. Using resistance theory as an analytical framework, we found that study participants used a mixture of individual and collective forms of resistance against hierarchical structures and harmful practices to improve their own and other classified staff’s work experiences. Forms of resistance included direct confrontation, everyday resistance, and constructive resistance. Fostering interactions among classified staff may foster constructive resistance, leading to the development and sharing of innovative, effective practices that support the university’s mission. Examining how classified women resist sexist and hierarchical demands is important for understanding and amplifying the voices of classified staff members. Their agency, resistance, and ability to support the mission of the institution may have implications for how other minoritized groups resist oppressive structures in their workplaces.