Bradford College, England

Employability has become a defining feature of contemporary higher education, yet it remains a contested and fragmented concept. This chapter offers a critical synthesis of major models, conceptualisations, and stakeholder perspectives shaping employability research and practice. It reviews frameworks developed within higher education—such as USEM, CareerEDGE, and Graduate Identity—alongside workplace and career literatures, including Boundaryless Careers, Career Competencies, and Heuristic Employability. More recent integrative approaches, such as the Employability Capital Growth Model, are discussed in relation to comparative and international perspectives. The chapter interrogates possession-based, relational, and processual accounts of employability, explores stakeholder responsibilities, and warns against narrow neoliberal discourses. It concludes by outlining future directions that promote integrative, sustainable, and equitable frameworks for graduate employability.

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe Supporting MumS (SMS) intervention, originally piloted in Northern Ireland, United Kingdom (UK), uses automated text messages aiming to support diet and physical activity behaviour change for weight management in the postpartum period. Before testing the effectiveness of the SMS intervention in a UK‐wide randomised controlled trial, it was important to ensure that the core component of the intervention was acceptable and culturally relevant for a diverse range of women across different regions of the UK.Objectiveto undertake Personal and Public Involvement (PPI) to adapt the content of the previously developed library of text messages for a socio‐culturally and geographically diverse population of postpartum women.Setting and ParticipantsRecruitment focused on mothers who lived in London, Bradford and various locations in Scotland, who had had a child within the last 2 years and had struggled with their weight. Existing PPI networks and community groups helped identify PPI representatives.DesignThe PPI activities employed an iterative process including three stages: (1) an online group session to review some of the text messages and provide immediate feedback; (2) online group sessions to review adaptations made to messages; and (3) working remotely on a one‐to‐one basis with PPI collaborators to review and provide comments and suggestions on the entire text message library (previously modified based on feedback from stages 1 and 2).ResultsA total of 19 PPI representatives responded to the invitation and 18 contributed to the review of the SMS text messages: n = 12 from England [n = 4 from London (African‐Caribbean ethnicity); n = 8 from Bradford (Asian ethnicity]; n = 6 from Scotland (White ethnicity). During a period of 9 months (July 2021‐March 2022), they provided unprompted, positive feedback about the overall concept of a text message‐delivered intervention to support postpartum weight management. During review and discussion of the original text message content they suggested minor amendments on the length, language, humour and cultural relevance of the text messages. Overall, no messages needed major re‐writing.ConclusionThis PPI work provided useful suggestions for the cultural and regional adaptation of the content of a text message library that aims to support postpartum weight management. Minor modifications to the messages were suggested. The effectiveness of the Supporting MumS intervention will be tested in a UK‐wide trial.Patient or Public ContributionOur PPI collaborators were identified through existing PPI networks and community groups. They contributed through online group sessions and on a one‐to‐one basis through email correspondence. They offered valuable insights into ways of enhancing the cultural and regional relevance of a library of text messages to support diet and physical activity behaviour change for weight loss and weight loss maintenance in the postpartum period.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study is to characterise the decision‐making and self‐management strategies of individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) participating in a 150‐mile ultra‐endurance cycling event and inform health care professionals working in T1D. Participation in ultra‐endurance exercise is becoming increasingly popular in the T1D community and self‐management in this context needs further investigation.Method: Qualitative, semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 12 participants with T1D who took part in the ‘Coast to Coast in a Day’ cycling sportive. Event‐specific and T1D self‐management strategies in the context of endurance exercise were assessed using the Thematic Network Approach to analysis.Results: Participants reported that they took part in the event ‘as a cyclist rather than a type 1 diabetic’. A range of self‐management strategies to manage glycaemic control were identified, but all were grounded in experience of a ‘trial‐and‐error’ approach to determine ‘successful practice’. Engagement with health care professionals in preparation for the event was limited due to a perceived lack of endurance exercise knowledge. Participants reflected that T1D can be controlled in ultra‐endurance events through careful and practised self‐management of energy intake and insulin strategies.Conclusions: Individuals with T1D are capable of taking part and excelling in ultra‐endurance events, but current health care professional advice does not match patient ambition and practice, which is grounded in an identity that is first and foremost as a ‘cyclist and person’. Limitations in participants’ ‘trial‐and‐error’ practices require further understanding from health care professionals to provide advice around existing knowledge, preparation and self‐management strategies for ultra‐endurance exercise. Copyright © 2022 John Wiley & Sons.

In this study, we propose a multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) antenna array for fifth-generation (5G) mobile-phone applications. Its configuration is composed of eight planar loop antenna elements located at different edges of the mobile-phone mainboard with 75 × 150 × 0.8 mm3 FR-4 dielectric. In order to easily integrate with phone circuits, the ground-plane and antenna resonators have been etched on the same side of the substrate. By addling modified arrow-shaped strips among the adjacent loop antennas, the operation bandwidth and isolation level of the closely spaced radiators have been improved. The presented MIMO antenna is designed to cover the spectrum of commercial sub 6 GHz 5G network with the bandwidth of 3.2–4 GHz. Due to the compact size and placements of the loop radiators, the presented MIMO antenna array occupies a small part of the board. In addition, the proposed array provides not only full radiation coverage covering different sides of the PCB but also the diversity function to support both vertical and horizontal polarization. The MIMO performance and radiation behavior of the proposed antenna design in the presence of the user-hand/user-head phantoms are also discussed. Moreover, a new and compact phased array millimeter-wave (MM-Wave) antenna with broad bandwidth and end-fire radiation is introduced to be easily integrated into the smartphone antenna system.

A new diversity multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) antenna array with improved characteristics is introduced for fifth-generation (5G) mobile phone applications. Eight compact loop resonators are placed at different edges of the mobile-phone mainboard with $75 \times 150 \times 0.8$ mm3 FR-4 dielectric. By addling modified arrow strips protruded among the adjacent loop antennas, the operation bandwidth and mutual coupling of the antenna radiators have been significantly improved. The MIMO antenna is designed to cover the sub 6 GHz spectrum of 5G network and provides a wide bandwidth of 3.2-4 GHz. The MIMO performance, user-hand effect, and fundamental properties of the proposed antenna design are studied.

<p>A new design of MIMO antenna array for fifth generation (5G) mobile handsets is proposed in this manuscript. The configuration of the design consists of eight planar-inverted F antenna (PIFA) elements located at different corners of the smartphone printed circuit board (PCB). The employed substrate is a low-cost FR-4 laminate with an overall size of 75×150×0.8 mm <sup>3</sup> . For ease integration and design facilitation, the antenna elements and ground plane are etched on the same layer. By adding an arrow-shaped branch-strip between two adjacent PIFA elements, the impedance bandwidth and isolation characteristics are improved significantly. However, the whole antenna structure remains very simple and compact. The designed MIMO antenna provides good efficiencies and sufficient gains at the desired frequency band. Wide impedance bandwidth (S <sub>11</sub> ≤ -10 dB) of 3.25-3.85 GHz has been obtained for each radiator. In addition, the isolation among antenna elements is less than -15 dB at the center frequency. The calculated TARC and ECC of the antenna elements are very low over the whole band of interest. Furthermore, the proposed design exhibits sufficient performance in the presence of user-hand.</p>

The focus of this manuscript was to propose a new phased array antenna design for the fifth generation (5G) mobile platforms. Eight elements of compact Quasi-Yagi antennas were placed on the top portion of smartphone printed circuits board (PCB) to form a beam-steerable phased array design. The −10 dB impedance-bandwidth of proposed 5G smartphone antenna spans from 25 GHz to 27 GHz providing 2 GHz bandwidth with less than −16 dB mutual coupling function. A coax-to-microstripline with a truncated crown of vias around the coaxial cable was used as a feeding mechanism for each radiation element. An Arlon Ad 350 substance with properties of ε = 3.5, δ = 0.003, and h = 0.8 mm was chosen as the antenna substrate. The proposed phased array antenna provides wide-angle scanning of 0°~75° with more than 10 dB realized gain levels. For the scanning angle of 0°~60°, the antenna array provides more than 90% (−0.5 dB) radiation and total efficiencies. In addition, the specific absorption rate (SAR) function and radiation performance of the design in the presence of the user-hand/user-hand have been studied. The results validate the feasibility of the proposed design for use in the 5G handheld devices. Furthermore, using the presented Quasi-Yagi elements, the radiation properties of 2 × 2, 4 × 4, and 8 × 8 planar arrays were studied and more than 8.3, 13.5, and 19.3 dBi directivities have been achieved for the designed planar arrays. The results show that the designed arrays (linear & planar) satisfy the general requirements for use in 5G platforms.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has been growing in popularity and importance over the last decades. The speed of that expansion appears to be gaining further momentum, extremely good news to CSR devotees. However, any organisation’s CSR strategies have to be communicated to stakeholders, as well as larger audiences. Due to the existence of blatant advertising of company CSR policies and the increasing cynicism amongst recipients of such messages, many organisations look to alternative communication vehicles. Notable amongst these are Cause-Related Marketing (CaRM), collaborations with NGOs, socially responsible gift giving, sustainability and/or ethical ratings and sponsorships to name a few. This article attempts to find the most effective vehicles for CSR communications and to investigate their impact on sceptical audiences who are continuously showered with similar messages.