Bundeskriminalamt

ABSTRACT The recognition and management of students who exhibit warning behaviors (WBs) is an important prerequisite for the prevention of severe targeted acts of violence at schools (STSV). In the present study, the temporal occurrence of proximal WBs was retroactively examined in 11 German cases. The WBs were plotted chronologically, starting from the initial WB up to the day of the STSV. Only the behavior perceived at the time was evaluated, without including information that only became known after the STSV. A prototypical temporal order of initial perception was identified. In each case, WBs were already perceived before the first Leakage or Directly communicated threat. WBs can usually only be recognized as such in a wider psychosocial context (e.g. including information about current psycho-social crises). The findings highlight the need to establish structures at schools in cooperation with other institutions as part of a threat assessment and management for indicated prevention.

Zusammenfassung Einleitung Trotz eines erhöhten Bewusstseins für Cybergrooming in Forschung und Praxis sind Präventions- und Interventionsmaßnahmen für Betroffene und Täter*innen in diesem Phänomenbereich weitestgehend unerforscht. Forschungsziele Das vorliegende Narrative Review bietet einen kompakten Überblick über bestehende Präventions- und Interventionsangebote für Betroffene und Täter*innen bei Cybergrooming sowie über Ansätze aus verwandten Bereichen. Methoden Über eine Literaturrecherche bei Google Scholar und die Analyse von Literaturlisten einschlägiger Publikationen wurden 18 geeignete Publikationen in das Review aufgenommen. Dabei handelt es sich um Arbeiten aus den Jahren 2007 bis 2024. Ergebnisse Insgesamt scheinen primäre und sekundäre Präventionsangebote überwiegend an Betroffene gerichtet zu sein. Besonderer Wert wird dabei auf die (Psycho-)Edukation der (potenziell) Betroffenen und die Einbindung von Erziehungsberechtigten und Lehrkräften in den Präventionsprozess gelegt. Öffentliche Kampagnen, die sich an (potenzielle) Täter*innen richten, könnten ein stärkeres Bewusstsein für die rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen und etablierte Hilfsmöglichkeiten herstellen. Die Anonymität des Internets und die leichte Zugänglichkeit zu Inhalten aller Art scheinen wichtige Katalysatoren für den Cybergrooming-Prozess zu sein. Somit könnten Änderungen und Restriktionen in der Online-Umgebung auch zur Prävention von Cybergrooming beitragen. Diesbezüglich müssen jedoch diverse datenschutzrechtliche, gesamtgesellschaftliche und politische Aspekte berücksichtigt werden. Schlussfolgerung Weiterhin fehlen großflächig angelegte Evaluationen bestehender Präventions- und Interventionsprogramme. Insbesondere Wissen über Vulnerabilitätsfaktoren bei Betroffenen und über spezifische Risikofaktoren und Vorgehensweisen von Täter*innen könnten ein Schlüssel sein, um die Präventionsbemühungen bei Cybergrooming effektiver zu gestalten.

ABSTRACT Ensuring food security through sustainable practices while reducing greenhouse gas emissions are key challenges in modern agriculture. Utilising genetic variability within a crop species to identify varieties with higher root biomass carbon (C) could help address these challenges. It is thus crucial to quantify and understand intra‐specific above‐ and belowground performance under varying environmental conditions. The study objectives were to: (a) quantify root biomass and depth distribution in different winter wheat varieties under various pedoclimatic conditions, (b) investigate the influence of variety and pedoclimatic conditions on the relationship between above‐ and belowground biomass production, and (c) assess whether optimised winter wheat variety selection can lead to both greater root biomass C and yield, boosting C accrual. Root biomass, root distribution to 1 m soil depth and root‐to‐shoot ratios were assessed in 10 different winter wheat varieties grown at 11 experimental sites covering a European climatic gradient from Spain to Norway. Median root biomass down to 1 m depth was 1.4 ± 0.7 Mg ha −1 . The primary explanatory factor was site, accounting for 60% of the variation in root biomass production, while the genetic diversity between wheat varieties explained 9.5%. Precipitation had a significantly negative effect on total root biomass, especially in subsoil. Significant differences were also observed between varieties in root‐to‐shoot ratios and grain yield. The difference between the variety with the lowest root biomass and the one with the highest across sites was on average 0.9 Mg ha −1 which is an increase of 45%. Pedoclimatic conditions had a greater influence than variety, and determined the relationship's direction between root biomass and grain yield. A site‐specific approach is, therefore, needed to realise the full potential for increased root biomass and yield offered by optimised variety selection.

Intellectual Property (IP) theft is a cause of major financial and reputational damage, reportedly in the range of hundreds of billions of dollars annually in the U.S. alone. Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are particularly exposed to IP theft, because their configuration file contains the IP in a proprietary format that can be mapped to a gate-level netlist with moderate effort. Despite this threat, the scientific understanding of this issue lacks behind reality, thereby preventing an in-depth assessment of IP theft from FPGAs in academia. We address this discrepancy through a real-world case study on a Lattice iCE40 FPGA found inside iPhone 7. Apple refers to this FPGA as Maggie. By reverse engineering the proprietary signalprocessing algorithm implemented on Maggie, we generate novel insights into the actual efforts required to commit FPGA IP theft and the challenges an attacker faces on the way. Informed by our case study, we then introduce generalized netlist reverse engineering techniques that drastically reduce the required manual effort and are applicable across a diverse spectrum of FPGA implementations and architectures. We evaluate these techniques on six benchmarks that are representative of different FPGA applications and have been synthesized for Xilinx and Lattice FPGAs, as well as in an end-to-end white-box case study. Finally, we provide a comprehensive opensource tool suite of netlist reverse engineering techniques to foster future research, enable the community to perform realistic threat assessments, and facilitate the evaluation of novel countermeasures. • Security and privacy → Hardware reverse engineering.

Der Beitrag beleuchtet das Spannungsfeld um die Abgrenzung zwischen Straftaten und Ordnungswidrigkeiten, besonders in Bezug auf »weniger schwerwiegende« Vergehen wie Verstöße gegen das Infektionsschutzgesetz, »Schwarzfahren« und Trunkenheitsfahrten. Dabei wird die Notwendigkeit einer kriminalstrafrechtlichen Verfolgung dieser Delikte kritisch hinterfragt und nach klaren Abgrenzungskriterien gesucht, um eine differenzierte Einordnung zu ermöglichen und willkürliche gesetzgeberische Entscheidungen zu vermeiden. Wurde bereits Prof. Baur vorgelegt.

The classical JPEG compression is a rich source of cues for forensic image analysis. However, this compression standard will in the near future be complemented by a new, highly efficient learning-based compression standard called JPEG AI. JPEG AI is fundamentally different from classical JPEG. Hence, its forensic traces can also be expected to be fundamentally different. We argue that there is a pressing need for image forensics research to investigate these traces.In this work, we characterize forensic compression traces of different AI compression algorithms. Our analysis investigates AI compression artifacts in frequency domain and in spatial domain. Both domains exhibit similar artifacts that likely stem from upsampling operations of the decoders. Additionally, we report for one AI codec another artifact in homogeneous regions. We also investigate the artifact detectability in several scenarios including unseen AI compression traces and postprocessing. Here, frequency and autocorrelation features are better on additive noise and classical JPEG post-compression, while RGB features perform better on blurred and downsampled images.

Making the right decision in stressful situations is required for goal-oriented action in cardiac surgery. Current labor laws prevent residents to be subjected to situations that test their stress tolerance. These situations often occur only later in the career. We simulated such conditions in a structured non-stop 36-hour cardiac surgical training course and assessed the participant's performance. Fourteen advanced residents/junior staff surgeons were selected. The course was conducted in collaboration with the national antiterror police forces that provided coaching for teamplay, leadership, and responsibility awareness. The candidates attended graded and evaluated workshops/lectures and performed academic and surgical tasks. Psychological and surgical skill assessments were conducted at times 0, 12, 24, 36 hours. Progressive reductions in individual motivation, associated with increased stress and irritability levels, worsening mood, and fatigue were observed. Long- and short-term memory functions were unaffected and practical surgical performance even increased over time. Among the candidates, 36 hours of sleep deprivation did not lead to relevant changes in the skills required from a cardiac surgeon in daily life. Importantly, group dynamics substantially improved during the course, suggesting advances in the perception of responsibility and teamwork.