Busan National University of Education

The recent launches of Sentinel-4 on MTG-S and Sentinel-5 on EPS-SG-A1 significantly strengthen the Copernicus contribution to the international constellation of low-Earth orbiting (LEO) and geostationary (GEO) satellites dedicated to atmospheric ozone and air quality monitoring. Together with the already operational Sentinel-5P LEO and GEMS (East Asia) and TEMPO (North America) GEO missions, these nadir sounders form an unprecedented observing system coordinated to ensure complementary spatial and temporal sampling and long-term commitment. As a prerequisite to a truly integrated exploitation of this constellation, the present contribution reports on two complementary ozone data validation activities undertaken to build confidence in their traceability to community-agreed standards and in the mutual consistency across missions.As a first step, we summarize the global, in-depth, and recurrent validation of Sentinel-5P TROPOMI total ozone column data, conducted by the ESA/Copernicus Atmospheric Mission Performance Cluster (ATM-MPC). The ATM-MPC validation service assesses TROPOMI’s traceability to the well-established ground-based Brewer, Dobson, and ZSL-DOAS measurements contributing to WMO’s Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) and the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC), and to measurements from the more recent Pandonia Global Network (PGN). The permanent QA/QC of TROPOMI demonstrates the value of this mission as the initial reference sounder for the constellation. As a second step, we present pioneering regional validation and evaluation results for the GEO missions GEMS and TEMPO performed within ESA’s PEGASOS project. This latter activity integrates independent ground-based validation and the use of TROPOMI data as a LEO transfer standard for cross-mission consistency assessment.The ATM-MPC results confirm the high quality of TROPOMI total ozone observations, characterized by low bias, small random uncertainty, and temporal stability meeting community requirements, both with respect to ground-based reference measurements and relative to the historical benchmark provided by the Aura OMI mission. Building on these resources – both the ground-based validation infrastructure and TROPOMI as well characterized and accurate measurement system- we assess the quality of the total ozone products from GEMS and TEMPO. The analysis demonstrates overall good data quality across both GEO missions, while also identifying dependences of bias and dispersion on measurement parameters and influence quantities. These findings highlight specific areas where further algorithm refinements may enhance consistency and performance within the emerging global GEO–LEO ozone observing system.We would like to acknowledge explicitly the long-term dedication of all the ground-based instrument teams (WMO-GAW, NDACC, PGN) to acquire high quality data and make them available to the satellite community.

<title>Abstract</title> After decades of stability, Southern Ocean sea ice has recently experienced an abrupt decline, with uncertain future behaviour. Using high-resolution climate simulations, we identify a seasonally modulated cascade of feedbacks driving rapid sea ice loss, especially in the Weddell Sea. Anthropogenic warming reduces sea ice, enhancing ocean heat release in warm seasons, which warms and moistens the atmospheric boundary layer in cold seasons. This increases mid-level cloud cover and longwave radiative warming, suppressing spring sea ice formation and activating the sea ice-albedo feedback. Current ocean warming trends indicate this transition threshold is nearly reached. These findings highlight a potential near-term regime shift in Southern Ocean sea ice, emphasising the importance of monitoring ocean-atmosphere interactions and cloud feedbacks to understand implications for regional and global climate change.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has been integrated into various fields, accelerating innovation in existing ones. Consequently, AI has been employed in education to drive changes such as learning analytics and personalized learning. Recently, the development of generative AI has further transformed the educational landscape. Given the increasing use of generative AI in education, this study was conducted to explore its educational applications. We developed an educational program incorporating generative AI based on design thinking principles for high school students. To verify its effectiveness, high school students in Korea were selected as research subjects and divided into an experimental group (n=53) and a control group (n=42). A test tool aligned with the 2022 revised curriculum in Korea measured computational thinking skills. The study results showed that the group receiving AI convergence education using generative AI significantly improved their computational thinking. The improvement in computational thinking was also significant compared to the control group, providing strong evidence of the benefits of AI in education. This study confirmed that AI convergence education, utilizing generative AI grounded in design thinking, effectively develops computational thinking skills in high school students. The findings of this research highlight the potential educational value of integrating generative AI into both AI design thinking and convergence education. The study provides reassurance that generative AI can be a powerful tool in enhancing student learning experience and outcomes, paving the way for future educational innovations.

In data analysis, the preprocessing step is crucial, directly impacting the accuracy and reliability of results. While data preprocessing using a programming language offers capacity, speed, and reproducibility advantages, the complexity of learning programming languages and the scarcity of supportive educational tools pose significant challenges. This study introduces the Data Preprocessing Automatic Assessment (DPAA) module, designed to facilitate learning data preprocessing through programming. The DPAA module, developed using Python and Pandas, utilizes a model answer-based assessment method. It features a self-assessment mechanism that simultaneously displays the outputs of the student’s code alongside the model answer, highlighting discrepancies for visual emphasis. Additionally, it includes an automatic evaluation method that compares and evaluates results after transforming them into an array. Furthermore, feedback is provided when the student's answer is incorrect. An example was constructed to validate the DPAA module based on a tutorial from the official Pandas website. The DPAA module, along with examples, was reviewed by informatics teachers at a high school for gifted students and was confirmed for its effectiveness. The DPAA module is expected to support the learning of data preprocessing syntax using Pandas, thereby aiding in the broader application of Python in data analysis. This innovative tool promises to enhance educational outcomes by making the learning process more interactive and supportive, ultimately fostering a deeper understanding of data preprocessing techniques.

The Article Abstract is not available.

Abstract Cancer-associated cachexia (CAC) is a devastating syndrome of irreversible body weight loss and muscle wasting. CAC has been reported to often lead to poor outcomes of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), emerging as a standard treatment for various types of cancer. Previously, we have demonstrated that KRAS-mutant lung tumor tissues display an immunosuppressive microenvironment with decreased CD8 T cells and increased regulatory T cells (Tregs). In this orthotopic lung cancer mouse model, treatment with an anti-PD-L1 antibody, a representative ICI, reduced tumor burden, whereas accelerated loss of body weight and skeletal muscle mass. We thus assumed that CD8 T cells could facilitate skeletal muscle wasting in lung tumor-bearing mice, a key feature of CAC. First, we established a syngeneic CAC mouse model through orthotopic transplantation of murine lung cancer cells. At 7 weeks post-injection, these mice developed CAC, displaying over 20 % body weight loss, almost total loss of epididymal fats, and profound skeletal muscle wasting. In line with our assumption, CAC mice showed an increased number of CD8 T cells but a reduced number of Tregs in skeletal muscles, compared to tumor-free control mice. We then investigated whether skeletal muscle-infiltrating CD8 T cells directly induce muscle atrophy indeed. In CAC mice, CD8 neutralization led to restoration of muscle mass and downregulation of muscle atrophy markers, but was not able to significantly affect lung tumor burden. Moreover, direct co-culture with splenic CD8 T cells exacerbated C2C12 myotube atrophy in a conditioned medium from lung cancer cells, further supporting the involvement of CD8 T cells in CAC. To elucidate its underlying mechanism, RNA sequencing analysis was conducted in both skeletal muscles and lung tumors of CAC mice. Based on the differently expressed gene analysis, Cxcl13 was upregulated in skeletal muscles of CAC mice, while downregulated in lung tumors. It is well documented that CXCL13 can mediate recruitment of CD8 T cells. In this regard, CXCL13 might be a plausible regulator in CD8 T cell-induced skeletal muscle atrophy, which requires further investigation to fully understand the molecular mechanism. Citation Format: Se-Young Park, Bomi Kim, Myunggyo Lee, Haeseung Lee, Na-Young Song. Skeletal muscle-infiltrating CD8 T cells exacerbate muscle atrophy in a syngeneic lung cancer cachexia mouse model [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 4457.

Several studies have examined adolescent sexual behaviors by family immigration status, but most of these failed to account for heterogeneity within youths' multicultural backgrounds. To fill this gap in the literature, this paper draws data from the 2011 to 2022 rounds of the Korean Youth's Risk Behavior Survey (N = 769,160) and compares the likelihood of sexual intercourse across four groups of adolescents. Results from logistic regression indicate that the odds of having sexual contact increased 2.8 times for youths with a non-Korean father and Korean mother, compared with those from families with two Korean parents. When both father and mother are foreign-born, the odds of being sexually active increased 4.7 times. In both cases, the discrepancies might be primarily associated with the foreign fathers' lack of socioeconomic resources. Therefore, the father's role deserves more examination, and sex education in schools should be tailored to reflect multicultural adolescents' needs.

PurposeWe report the estimated incidence of, and risk factors for, recurrent anterior uveitis in patients with initial acute-onset Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease using survival analyses.MethodsPatients who were diagnosed with initial acute-onset VKH disease during 2003–2022 at two university hospitals were included. Recurrent anterior uveitis was defined as the first occurrence of the granulomatous anterior uveitis with anterior chamber cells and flare of 2+ or more by the Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) Working Group grading scheme, after the disappearance of conspicuous uveitis and serous retinal detachment for at least 3 months, regardless of systemic or local treatment. The univariate log-rank test and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed, including patients’ demographic characteristics, underlying diseases, presence of prodromal symptoms, duration of visual symptoms, visual acuity, slit-lamp and fundus findings, and height of serous retinal detachment. The treatment method and response to treatment were also included.ResultsThe estimated incidence was 39.3% at 10 years. Fifteen of 55 patients (27.3%) had recurrent anterior uveitis during the mean follow-up of 4.5 years. The presence of focal posterior synechiae at the diagnosis increased the risk of recurrent anterior uveitis 6.97-fold compared to the absence of synechiae (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.20–22.11; p < 0.001). Use of systemic high-dose steroid therapy more than 7 days after the development of visual symptoms resulted in a hazard ratio of 4.55 (95% CI, 1.27–16.40; p = 0.020).ConclusionsThis study reports the estimated incidence and risk factors of recurrent anterior uveitis in VKH disease from survival analyses. However, because of the retrospective nature of this study, it is hard to confirm the consistency of the medical records regarding risk factors, thus, the presence of focal posterior synechiae can be inconclusive as a risk factor. Further studies are warranted.

In this study, we introduce new criteria for a given link to detect the non-[Formula: see text]-periodicity for a prime [Formula: see text]. For this we use a congruence of the quantum [Formula: see text]-invariant of periodic links. Our result is naturally consistent with Traczyk’s criterion and Przytycki’s criterion, and can be regarded as a generalization of these classical criteria. We shall give computational results of all the (alternating and non-alternating) knots of crossing number [Formula: see text] for their non-[Formula: see text]-periodicity ([Formula: see text]). The computational results also show that our criteria has somewhat different nature with the classical criterion of Murasugi.