Cebu Normal University

A afixação desempenha um papel crucial na adaptação filipina de palavras emprestadas, especialmente do espanhol. Este estudo foca em como os afixos modificam os significados e formas dessas palavras emprestadas no contexto da língua filipina. Utilizando um método descritivo qualitativo, a pesquisa examinou as interações entre estudantes de enfermagem que construíam frases incorporando termos em espanhol, revelando os processos de adaptação e integração. Fundamentados na Teoria da Morfologia da Construção, os achados indicam que palavras espanholas emprestadas passam por mudanças morfológicas significativas, com algumas adquirindo novos significados enquanto outras mantêm suas formas originais. O estudo destaca a interação dinâmica entre as línguas espanhola e filipina por meio da fixação, demonstrando como esse processo enriquece o vocabulário filipino e reflete influências históricas. Além disso, enfatiza a importância da afixação na compreensão da estrutura lexical do filipino, mostrando como a linguagem evolui em resposta a transformações culturais e sociais. Em última análise, esta pesquisa afirma o papel vital do espanhol no aprimoramento do vocabulário filipino e ilustra a evolução contínua da língua por meio da fixação e adaptação contextual.

The COVID-19 pandemic prompted a significant shift in educational delivery systems worldwide, transitioning from traditional face-to-face classes to online learning modalities due to community quarantine measures. This study conducts a cost-benefit analysis comparing face-to-face and online teaching-learning modalities among teachers and students at selected higher education institutions (HEIs) in Cebu City during the academic year 2020-2021. Employing a mixed-methods approach with a researcher-designed survey tool, the research involved 1,413 students and 65 teachers, with data gathered via Google Forms and analyzed using statistical techniques such as frequency counts, means, Chi-square, and ANOVA. Findings revealed that most student respondents were aged 20-21, female, and first-year students in BSBA programs, while teachers were predominantly females, aged 45-49, married, with over ten years of teaching experience. Expenditures during face-to-face and online classes showed comparable spending patterns, with mean expenses of Php 8,929.00 and Php 7,068.60, respectively. The net benefit favored face-to-face classes by Php 1,861.00. Both teachers and students acknowledged tangible and intangible costs and benefits associated with each modality. Significant relationships were observed between respondents’ demographics, perceptions of costs, and benefits. The study concludes that while measurable costs and benefits exist for both modalities, implicit factors—such as engagement and learning quality—are vital in determining the most cost-efficient approach to maximize tertiary education outcomes.

This phenomenological study is about the lived experiences of senior high school students and teachers on the influence of social media on students' written discourse. The data were collected from fifteen (15) participants through personal interviews using open-ended questions. All responses were recorded for transcription using a cellular phone. Colaizzi's method was used for data analysis. After a thorough analysis of the transcripts, the following six (6) themes arose to capture the students and teachers' lived experiences: Facebook and Messenger as the Most Widely Used, Teachers' Permission of Social Media in the Classroom, Adapting Social Media Trends and Their Informality, Reduces the Formality of Written Communication, Social Media as a Distraction, Dual Impact of Social Media on Students' Performance. The study concluded that senior high school students and teachers have faced challenges with written communication due to the influences of social media on students. Despite all these challenges, the teachers remained hopeful that the students could learn and use their critical thinking skills without the reliance on social media, especially in terms of writing style and language use. Based on the findings, the researchers recommend that students use social media for academic reasons with greater awareness. In addition to encouraging reading and writing at home, parents must watch and assist their children. Teachers should also interact with parents to explain their children's performance and enforce highly regulated classroom social media use. Introduce targeted writing assignments, grammar lessons, and critical thinking challenges. Guidelines addressing the influence of social media on written discourse are to be implemented by the school administration. Future Researchers will conduct additional studies on the long-term impacts of social media use on students' academic writing, comparing studies across many geographic locations and educational levels to find more general trends and solutions.

In the Philippines, approximately 13 million adults smoke. Policies to raise cigarette taxes, increase health warning label (HWL) size, and restrict menthol could reduce smoking. We conducted an online discrete choice experiment (DCE) in November 2023 to assess hypothetical policy responses among 886 Filipino adults who smoke across three regions of the Philippines (Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao). The DCE included ten choice sets of three cigarette packs. Packs varied on excise tax [60 (ref.), 70, 80, 90 pesos (PHP)], packaging [domestic packs: 50% HWL branded (ref.), 50% HWL plain, 85% HWL branded, 85% HWL plain; foreign pack, no HWL], and flavor [tobacco (ref.), menthol]. Participants were randomly assigned to see one choice set using a programmed 1:1 randomization ratio and asked to select which pack: 1) they would choose, 2) would make them most consider quitting, and 3) would be less harmful. Participants had lower odds of choosing packs with a 70 (adjusted odds ratio, AOR=0.58; 95% CI: 0.45-0.74), 80 (AOR=0.33; 95% CI: 0.25-0.43), or 90 (AOR=0.24; 95% CI: 0.18-0.33) PHP excise tax, and higher odds (AOR=4.02; 95% CI: 2.86-5.66) of choosing the foreign branded pack with no HWL. For quitting, participants had higher odds of selecting packs with an 80 (AOR=1.53; 95% CI: 1.18-1.99) or 90 (AOR=1.94; 95% CI: 1.50-2.51) PHP tax and 3.40 (95% CI: 2.58-4.46) and 3.30 (95% CI: 2.42-4.49) higher odds of selecting a branded or plain pack with 85% HWL coverage, respectively. Participants had lower odds of thinking packs with a 70 (AOR=0.69; 95% CI: 0.52-0.92), 80 (AOR=0.73; 95% CI: 0.56-0.96), or 90 (AOR=0.67; 95% CI: 0.50-0.89) PHP excise tax were less harmful and higher odds (AOR=5.21; 95% CI: 3.70-7.32) of thinking the foreign pack was less harmful. Results suggest raising the excise tax to at least 80 PHP and implementing 85% HWLs may encourage smoking cessation in the Philippines. Our findings can be used by policymakers and advocates in the Philippines to implement strong tobacco control policies to protect public health.

Understanding the symbolism of candles in the Sinulog dance is essential to the devotional practices of Catholic Christians. The study described the symbolism of candles in the Sinulog dance, explored how this tradition continued, and examined potential conflicts with commercialization and cultural heritage conservation. The study employed a qualitative descriptive design. Ten key research participants, consisting of five magsisinug and five devotees, were selected through convenience sampling. The study highlighted the socio-economic and cultural attributes of Sinug that reflect the significance of candles in Catholic devotion, the importance of the Sinug dance in Cebu, and the preservation of cultural heritage in the face of modernization and commercialization. Candles have a long history of use in religious ceremonies and festivals as a symbol of light and hope, and its lighting is a common practice in thanksgiving and prayer, and as a sign of devotion to Señor Santo Niño. The Sinug dance, incorporating the use of candles, is a traditional dance in Cebu, and serving a symbol of cultural and religious identity. Based on the findings, the Kahayag Model of Reflective Teaching (KMRT) extrapolated from the lifestyle and practices of the mansisinug and the devotees of the Basilica Minore del Santo Niño. KMRT is a relevant approach to teaching in the 21st century that encourages learners to engage in self, peer, and collaborative reflections, promoting a culture of continuous learning and improvement.

This meta-analysis examined the effects of experiential learning on students’ mathematics achievement and engagement by synthesizing evidence from fourteen empirical studies published between 2020 and 2025. Following the PRISMA 2020 framework, a total of 1,146 records were identified across major databases, 324 duplicates were removed, 56 full texts were screened for eligibility, and 14 studies met the inclusion criteria. Classical meta-analysis revealed a significant positive overall effect of experiential learning on mathematics outcomes (pooled effect size = 1.05, p < .001), indicating that students exposed to collaborative learning, hands-on manipulatives, and real-world problem solving demonstrated higher achievement and stronger engagement than those taught through traditional methods. Although precision varied across studies, most produced moderately precise estimates, supporting the reliability of the overall findings. Heterogeneity was substantial (I² = 87%), reflecting expected variations in instructional design, duration, and educational level, but the positive direction of effects remained consistent across contexts. The evidence affirms experiential learning as a transformative instructional approach that deepens conceptual understanding and increases learner motivation. This study highlights the need for teacher professional development, resource support, and curricula that embed experiential learning as a core pedagogical practice. Future research is encouraged to include more diverse contexts and publish both significant and non-significant results to reduce publication bias and strengthen subsequent meta-analytic evaluations.

This study investigates the representation of shared social realities within educational systems as depicted in Catherine Lim’s stories The Teacher and Adeline Ng Ai Choo. Existing literature discusses academic pressure and institutional expectations, yet limited attention is given to how literary texts critically reflect these systemic concerns and their psychological consequences. Addressing this gap, the study aims to analyze how characters, themes, and symbols illustrate the tensions within rigid academic environments and their effects on learners. Using discourse analysis grounded in New Criticism and Critical Theory, the study examines textual evidence to explore how educational expectations shape individual experiences. Findings indicate that both narratives underscore prevailing themes of academic pressure influenced by institutional and parental demands. Character analysis highlights strained relationships between teachers and students, where strict adherence to standards contributes to emotional distress. Symbolic elements, particularly the students' books, represent internal struggles, feelings of isolation, and a silent plea for support. The study concludes that these stories illuminate the consequences of inflexible educational structures that neglect student well-being. The implications call for educational reforms that prioritize mental health, encourage empathy in teaching practices, and cultivate supportive school environments. Keywords: Academic pressure; character analysis; discourse analysis; educational systems; mental health

One potential strategy for cancer treatment is to prevent neovascularization. A well-targeted approach blocks VEGFR2, inhibiting the growth of new tumor vasculature. In this study, we report the identification of potential VEGFR2 inhibitors from phytochemicals previously extracted from Sonneratia alba, a mangrove species native to the Philippines, using molecular docking simulations followed by drug-likeness and ADME/Tox prediction. Thirty-two phytochemicals identified from various parts of S. alba were virtually docked onto the VEGFR2 binding site. Luteolin, ⍺-amyrin cinnamate, and ꞵ-amyrin cinnamate exhibited docking scores comparable to the drug control Axitinib. The drug-likeness property prediction revealed luteolin as the sole phytochemical predicted to have high bioavailability. In silico ADMET prediction demonstrated that luteolin has higher human intestinal absorption, is firmly bound to plasma protein, and poses no toxicity risks. Furthermore, luteolin also exhibited high permeability across the gastrointestinal tract but no passive permeability across the blood–brain barrier. Through in silico techniques, luteolin was identified as the only compound from S. alba with adequate and significant potential of developing into a VEGF inhibitor drug, as exemplified by its good bioavailability, higher gastrointestinal absorption, strong binding affinity to plasma protein, and good permeability through the gastrointestinal tract. The findings of this investigation may help validate the in vitro and in vivo anticancer properties of luteolin, as described in several peer-reviewed articles.

We characterize the way human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) stigma hinders HIV conversations and testing. Using grounded theory principles, we analyzed in-depth interviews of the experiences of select Philippine key populations (groups with high HIV burden) and their families: 19 men who have sex with men (KPM), 16 transgender women (KPW), and 16 parents of KPM/W. Results show how KPM/W protect the state of being respected by others (management of social standing), a task they engage in by strategically modulating behavior in different life domains, including when considering HIV conversations and testing. Our results specify the management of social standing as an object being threatened by stigma and as a process making KPM/W behavior susceptible to the influence of HIV stigma, even for KPM/W who may not possess the mark of positive serostatus. This raises questions about the theorizing of stigma, which traditionally has focused on the susceptibility of marked but not unmarked individuals.