Center for Creative Leadership

ABSTRACT The field of creative placemaking united planners, artists, arts administrators, philanthropists, and policymakers in pursuit of equitable community development. By 2020, changes in funding streams and leadership impacted creative placemaking, while practitioners faced societal shocks such as the COVID-19 pandemic, racial reckoning, and heightened awareness of structural inequities. Looking at the trajectory of its development, we posit that creative placemaking as we knew it is over. This article offers a eulogy, using the occasion to recognize what was achieved during its tenure, and how those developments influence the future integration of arts with urban planning and community development. This paper shares our findings from an analysis of field documentation along with in-depth interviews conducted with national leaders who shaped creative placemaking. As planners and policymakers seek to advance their practice, we find that collaboration with the arts continues to be an important element of the pursuit of creative democracy.

Abstract Environmental managers need a rapid and cost‐effective monitoring tool for tracking the spread of invasive species, particularly at the onset of introduction. The macroalgae Caulerpa prolifera is considered an invasive species outside its native range, colonizing large patches of seafloor, reducing native species, and altering ecosystem functioning. Here, we developed a droplet digital PCR assay for detection of C. prolifera from environmental DNA seawater samples using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. While the assay itself was confirmed to be highly efficient, we discovered concentrations of C. prolifera eDNA were present below detectable levels in the water column surrounding an outbreak. To understand why, we conducted tank‐based experiments for two California invasive algae species, Caulerpa prolifera and Sargassum horneri. The steady‐state eDNA concentration (eDNA copies/ gram of biomass detected) of C. prolifera was found to be two orders of magnitude lower than S. horneri. A meta‐analysis of steady‐state concentrations reported in the literature showed a remarkable range from ~104–1011 (copies/g), revealing C. prolifera to have the lowest recorded steady‐state concentrations of eDNA of any known species. We attribute C. prolifera's low steady‐state eDNA concentration to its unique biology as a unicellular macroscopic algae which reduces the possible modes of eDNA release compared to similarly sized multicellular organisms. Critically our results demonstrate the potential limits of eDNA approaches, the influence of shedding rates in the reliability of species detections, and the vital importance of benchmarking and validating eDNA assays in both field and laboratory settings.

Abstract Current practices for assembling phylogenetic trees often recur to sequence data stored in GenBank. However, the molecular and taxonomic make‐up of sequences deposited in GenBank is generally not very clear. phruta, a newly developed r package, is designed to primarily improve access to genetic data stored in GenBank. Functions in phruta further enable users to assemble single‐ and multi‐gene molecular datasets, and run basic phylogenetic tasks, all within r. The structure of the functions implemented in phruta aim to allow users to assemble simple workflows for particular tasks, which are in turn expected to increase reproducibility of relatively simple phylogenies. To support the use of phruta by researchers in different fields with variable levels of coding expertise, this paper presents the first version of salphycon, a shiny web app that aims to increase access to the fundamental functions in the phruta r package.

Abstract Research Summary Entrepreneurship researchers commonly use survey‐based research designs. However, surveying entrepreneurs poses unique challenges. A principal concern for survey‐based research is nonresponse bias, which occurs when survey respondents systematically differ from those who were sampled but did not participate in the study. To address this concern, we conducted a systematic review of the literature to determine what practices are currently being used to address nonresponse bias (142 articles, 180 surveying efforts) and conducted multiple studies to determine the extent to which nonresponse bias can affect statistical results. Based on these efforts, we present a series of techniques and a checklist that entrepreneurship scholars and reviewers and editors can consider to mitigate the risk of nonresponse bias prior to, and following, their data collection efforts. Managerial Summary In an average survey of entrepreneurs, approximately 40% of the people contacted will respond. This raises an important question: Can we make conclusions about the entrepreneurs who did not respond? Answering this question requires one to consider nonresponse bias (i.e., if respondents differ from nonrespondents). We conducted a systematic review of survey‐based studies in entrepreneurship and conducted three field studies. Our results show that nonresponse bias can manifest in different ways across studies, but it is rarely discussed in the literature. We also show that response rates are poor proxies of nonresponse bias. Based on these efforts, we present several techniques for scholars, reviewers, and editors to consider in the hopes of mitigating the risk of nonresponse bias in their studies.

Concerns about systemic racism at academic and research institutions have increased over the past decade. Here, we investigate data from the National Science Foundation (NSF), a major funder of research in the United States, and find evidence for pervasive racial disparities. In particular, white principal investigators (PIs) are consistently funded at higher rates than most non-white PIs. Funding rates for white PIs have also been increasing relative to annual overall rates with time. Moreover, disparities occur across all disciplinary directorates within the NSF and are greater for research proposals. The distributions of average external review scores also exhibit systematic offsets based on PI race. Similar patterns have been described in other research funding bodies, suggesting that racial disparities are widespread. The prevalence and persistence of these racial disparities in funding have cascading impacts that perpetuate a cumulative advantage to white PIs across all of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.

Elemental ratios in biogenic marine calcium carbonates are widely used in geobiology, environmental science, and paleoenvironmental reconstructions. It is generally accepted that the elemental abundance of biogenic marine carbonates reflects a combination of the abundance of that ion in seawater, the physical properties of seawater, the mineralogy of the biomineral, and the pathways and mechanisms of biomineralization. Here we report measurements of a suite of nine elemental ratios (Li/Ca, B/Ca, Na/Ca, Mg/Ca, Zn/Ca, Sr/Ca, Cd/Ca, Ba/Ca, and U/Ca) in 18 species of benthic marine invertebrates spanning a range of biogenic carbonate polymorph mineralogies (low-Mg calcite, high-Mg calcite, aragonite, mixed mineralogy) and of phyla (including Mollusca, Echinodermata, Arthropoda, Annelida, Cnidaria, Chlorophyta, and Rhodophyta) cultured at a single temperature (25°C) and a range of pCO2 treatments (ca. 409, 606, 903, and 2856 ppm). This dataset was used to explore various controls over elemental partitioning in biogenic marine carbonates, including species-level and biomineralization-pathway-level controls, the influence of internal pH regulation compared to external pH changes, and biocalcification responses to changes in seawater carbonate chemistry. The dataset also enables exploration of broad scale phylogenetic patterns of elemental partitioning across calcifying species, exhibiting high phylogenetic signals estimated from both uni- and multivariate analyses of the elemental ratio data (univariate: λ = 0-0.889; multivariate: λ = 0.895-0.99). Comparing partial R 2 values returned from non-phylogenetic and phylogenetic regression analyses echo the importance of and show that phylogeny explains the elemental ratio data 1.4-59 times better than mineralogy in five out of nine of the elements analyzed. Therefore, the strong associations between biomineral elemental chemistry and species relatedness suggests mechanistic controls over element incorporation rooted in the evolution of biomineralization mechanisms.

SummaryEmpathy, a multidimensional construct comprised of cognitive, affective, and behavioral dimensions, has been advanced as a critical predictor of prosocial behavior and effectiveness in the workplace. However, despite organizational interest in empathy, there is a lack of consensus on what empathy is, how empathy should be measured, and how empathy research can meaningfully contribute to our understanding of organizational behavior. This paper aims to provide a roadmap for researchers and practitioners interested in empathy in the workplace. We first provide an updated overview of the state of the broader multidisciplinary literature on empathy. On the basis of this literature, we outline the three dimensions of empathy, discuss the distinctions between state/trait and observer/judged empathy, and compare empathy with related constructs. This integrated multidimensional conceptualization provides the basis for our critical review and recommendations. We review the organizational research on empathy (1983–2018), identifying critical issues with how empathy has been conceptualized, measured, and designed, and offer practical recommendations for the advancement of organizational research on empathy. We conclude by highlighting two fundamental questions: (a) is empathy associated with important outcomes of interest to organizations and employees, and (b) can empathy be changed, and if so, how?

With the advent of app-based technology on smartphones, we now live in a “Ratings Economy” where people can provide feedback on everything from Uber drivers to the US Postal Service. So why would leaders in organizations want to receive more feedback from others? Research has shown that individuals who seek more feedback from bosses and coworkers are rated as better performers due to increased clarity about what is expected of them (Whitaker et al., Journal of Management 33:570–591, 2007). How might user-driven feedback tools be designed to allow leaders to ask for and receive more regular, high-quality feedback? And how would organizations best design user-driven feedback tools within a leader development context? The intent of this chapter is two-fold. First, we provide preliminary answers to these questions by drawing on the feedback seeking literature (Anseel et al., Journal of Management 41:318–348, 2015), best practices in designing and implementing feedback interventions for leaders (Bracken and Rose, Journal of Business and Psychology 26:183, 2011), insights from a 2018 professional conference panel on the topic (Young et al., User-driven leader feedback tools. Panel at the annual conference of the Society for Industrial-Organizational Psychology. Chicago, IL, 2018), and our own experience implementing these tools. Second, we suggest future directions for research in this emerging area where organizations are racing to implement tools with little evidence-based guidance to draw on.