Central Research Institute

Abstract Intestinal communicable diseases like diarrhea, dysentery, nausea, vomiting, cholera, typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, botulism, gastroenteritis, etc., are caused by different microbes. Intestinal microbial ecology is the most mysterious and complex environment for microbes. Bacteriophages are the dominant viruses in the intestinal microbiota. It is well established that gut microbial composition directly affects human health. Microbes use the gastrointestinal tract as niches there some factors or theories exist such as dietary, quorum sensing, and biosignaling, including biomass and biofilm production. Whereas if some microbial disbalance happens due to the effect of antibiotics or different toxin production or uninterrupted and unexpected factors dysbiosis occurs. The outcome of dysbiosis is different communicable diseases in the intestine. Alteration in microbiota can make crucial improvements in the microbiota environment and to the body’s health. After reviewing evidence authors are of the opinion that two natural microbial phenomena that may be utilized as a hypothetical approach to prevent communicable diseases in the intestine, i.e., microbes-microbes competition strategy and introduction of bacteriophage to kill the target bacteria in the gut.

Low-alloyed low-carbon steels are widely used in the manufacture of objects for various purposes due to the excellent combination of their service and technological properties. The desire of manufacturers to use material resources in the most economical way determines the relevance of searching for optimal chemical compositions and corresponding technological modes. The article presents the results of a study of hot-rolled low-carbon steels microalloyed with Nb, Ti, V and Mo in various combinations and concentrations produced in laboratory conditions. Optical and electron microscopy methods were used to study the structural state. An analysis was made of the influence of the final stage of thermo-deformation treatment and the microalloying system on the structural state, including formation of nanosized phase precipitates of different types, implementation of strengthening mechanisms and, accordingly, the mechanical properties of the rolled products. Different combinations of the values ​​of temperature of hot rolling end, the cooling rate to the coiling temperature, and the coiling temperature with the microalloying system lead to implementation of different strengthening mechanisms. At high cooling rates in steels with molybdenum, the microstructure of bainitic ferrite is formed, but interphase precipitates do not have time to form. For steels microalloyed with vanadium, these rates do not prevent the precipitation of carbides by the interphase mechanism, since due to the small size vanadium atom has a higher diffusion mobility compared to niobium. The amount of interphase precipitates in Nb – Ti microalloyed steels is less than in steels with molybdenum. The amount of precipitates formed in austenite is also greater in the case of complex Nb – Ti – V – Mo microalloying. Elevated temperatures of the rolling end and coiling contribute to implementation of the precipitation harde­ning mechanism due to interphase precipitates. At too low values ​​of these temperatures, the diffusion mobility of atoms during cooling of the wound roll is low, which limits the formation of nanosized precipitates in an amount sufficient for effective precipitation hardening.

The article is devoted to the issue of determining approaches to assessing the results of scientific research conducted as part of research work. The article analyzes the current requirements for the results of research work and the state of the issue under consideration. It has been determined that approaches to determining the results of research work are considered by specialists in the methodology of scientific research are insufficiently developed and do not meet modern requirements. Approaches to determining the results of research works based on their peer review are proposed. The object of research is research work (regardless of the subject area and focus of research), the subject is the assessment of its results. The research methodology is based on the method of analyzing existing approaches to determining the results of research work, as well as the experience of the authors in the role of persons who have repeatedly reviewed research work. In the course of the studies carried out, it was established that the option of evaluating the research work performed can be its effectiveness, the indicators of which significantly increase the objectivity of the results of the research work performed. At the same time, the authors believe that this approach can be clarified depending on the focus of research and the characteristics of the functioning of a particular research organization. Based on the results of the studies, a set of indicators of the effectiveness of research work was considered, a brief description of them was given, and further research areas were proposed that could increase the effectiveness of research work, regardless of the subject area and nature of the research.

A case report is presented – surgical treatment of a patient with right-sided postresection tuberculous empyema and bronchopleural fistula after surgery. Patient T., 20 years old, has suffered from tuberculosis since the fall of 2019. On 02.10.21, a lower lobectomy was performed on the right side. In the postoperative period, air discharged through drains was suspected of failing the bronchial stump, which led to another operation: retoractomy, revision of the pleural cavity on the right, and medium lobectomy. According to CT scans of the OGC, there was residual pleural tissue, and the failure of the middle bronchus stump was confirmed. She visited the FSBI "TSNIIT" complaining of shortness of breath during exercise, and a feeling of discomfort in her right chest when breathing deeply. On July 27, 21, re-amputation of the intermediate bronchial stumps was performed. The residual pleura remained after the operation, and drains were removed after 1,5 month. PPI was given at a dose of 1,200 mL/week. Fourteen days later, a control scan of the lungs revealed residual pleural space. Due to the inability to drain the right pleural cavity after several attempts, a revision of the VATS of the right pleura, pleurodesis was performed. The surgery was without complications, the stump was sealed. Drains were removed 2.5 months after achieving hermiticism. With control CT scans of OGK at 1 and 3 years after surgery, AKI was not detected, and the dome of the diaphragm was raised on the right side, with a fibrothorax in the upper parts. She completed treatment and returned to a normal lifestyle.

Background . When applying computer vision programs in artificial intelligence (AI) models to diagnose skin tumors, melanoma in particular, even minimal classification errors are critical. Vision transformers (ViT), a new model architecture, have shown promising results in computer vision; however, their efficiency in classifying skin lesions has received insufficient research attention. This study is one of the first to directly compare convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and ViT on clinically relevant metrics, which is especially important for the implementation of AI in dermatological and oncological practice. Objective : To compare the performance of CNNs and ViT in the tasks of binary classification of skin lesions: “melanoma/not melanoma” and “benign/malignant”. Material and methods . The study used CNN (MobileNetV2, Xception) and ViT architectures. Testing was carried out on independent datasets (3000 and 4800 images, respectively) with assessment by the metrics of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity. Augmentation, class balancing, hyperparameter optimization, and data cleaning from artifacts were used. Results . ViT showed superiority over CNNs. Thus, in the “melanoma/non-melanoma” task, the accuracy was 92.93% versus 88% for Xception, and in the “benign/malignant” task – 91.35% versus 85%. Transformer model demonstrated better specificity (up to 95%). Conclusion . ViT provides higher accuracy due to the analysis of global patterns, although requiring careful tuning and high-quality data. CNNs remain a stable solution with limited data. For clinical use, a combination of both architectures is recommended to improve the reliability of diagnostics.

Objective : To analyze foreign experience in the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in oncology, as well as examine current advances in AI and its impact on clinical practice. Material and methods. A systematic review of foreign literature was carried out, current AI programs and technologies in oncology were analyzed. The total number of identified records via the PubMed/MEDLINE search was 7680. After publication selection in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, 32 studies that met all criteria were randomly included in the review and formed the basis for the analysis. Results . AI demonstrates high efficiency in cancer diagnostics, including early detection of tumors, analysis of medical images and pathological data. A literature review on the use of AI models in oncology revealed exponential growth from 2010 to 2022, confirming the active development of the field. Diagnostic and treatment reports generated by the AI technologies indicated a comparable level of accuracy to that of experienced oncologists; they also revealed the ability to improve clinical outcomes. Furthermore, the introduction of AI stimulates the development of personalized treatment, increased patient adherence to therapy and optimization of the work of medical organizations. AI’s impact was revealed on physicians (reduced diagnostic and treatment errors), patients (personalized support), and hospitals (smart management systems). Conclusion . AI is becoming an integral part of modern oncology, offering new opportunities to improve diagnostics, treatment, outcome prediction, and patient support. A study of the dynamics of publications and AI models indicates that the use of AI in clinical oncology is rapidly developing, opening up new prospects for the creation of smart hospitals, simplification of medical data exchange, development of personalized medicine, and improvement of the quality of patient care. The integration of AI with emerging technologies such as wearable devices and multimodal analysis promises to revolutionize oncology practice.

BACKGROUND: Air-drying exposed dentin with open dentinal tubules is ineffective because rapid rehydration (refilling of the tubules with dentinal fluid) occurs within a very short time, effectively nullifying the procedure. As a result, penetration of dentinal fluid into the adhesive system of composite restorations is inevitable. Developing methods to mitigate the adverse effects of dentinal fluid on composite bonding — guided by objective, instrument-based assessment of dentin moisture — is a timely priority in contemporary dentistry. AIM: This trial aimed to develop a clinical method for evaluating dentin moisture using spectrophotometry. METHODS: A VITA Easyshade spectrophotometer (VITA Zahnfabrik H. Rauter GmbH Co. KG, Germany) was used to assess dentin moisture due to dentinal fluid. Dentin moisture was assessed by analyzing its color parameters — lightness (L), chroma (C), and hue (H) — which change over time as dentinal fluid accumulates on the dentin surface. RESULTS: In dentin not treated with 3% sodium hypochlorite, lightness (L) decreased from 82.6 to 73.1 units (−11.8%) and chroma (C) decreased from 25.5 to 20.2 units (−20.8%) within 5 minutes, indicating increased dentin density. In dentin treated with 3% sodium hypochlorite for 5 minutes, lightness (L) decreased from 76.5 to 74.6 units (−2.5%), and chroma (C) decreased from 22.4 to 21.1 units (−5.9%). CONCLUSION: Spectrophotometry can be used as an objective method for evaluating dentin moisture in vital teeth under clinical conditions. Pretreatment of dentin with 3% sodium hypochlorite before composite restoration substantially reduces dentin moisture and has a beneficial effect on adhesion.

At a clinical appointment, dentists increasingly have to deal with patients complains on TMJ dysfunction. The treatment of such patients is a rather difficult clinical task, due to the confusing clinical symptoms and the need of rather complex additional research methods, to which not all doctors have access and an adequate level of knowledge of the topic. Aim of this study is to summarize our own experience in the treatment and prevention of TMJ dysfunction, to create a simple clinical classification of the stages of dysfunction proceed and to develop treatment algorithms corresponding to this classification. Material and methods. We treated 196 patients (44 men and 152 women) aged 17 to 58 years with signs of TMJ dysfunction. All patients were divided into subgroups according to the proposed classification of stages of dysfunction. TMJ diagnosis was carried out mainly by CBCT analysis in Avantis3D software. Results. A clinical classification of TMJ dysfunction has been developed. Conservative treatment of TMJ dysfunction using different splints was based on this classification. The results obtained confirmed the high efficiency.