China Resources (China)

Non-biological haze in beer severely impacts product stability and consumer acceptance, yet conventional control strategies targeting protein-polyphenol interactions fail to resolve sporadic batch-specific turbidity, indicating unrecognized haze-forming factors. To identify these factors, this study focused on a haze-prone beer batch and investigated its potential turbidity-causing components. Through membrane filtration, centrifugation, and purification (protease hydrolysis, ethanol precipitation), combined with compositional analysis, enzymatic hydrolysis, spectral techniques, high-performance gel filtration chromatography, and simulated beer system validation, the core haze-forming substance was identified as the limit dextrin with a molecular weight of 1-2kDa, featuring α-glycosidic bonds as the main chains. Further mechanism analysis revealed that this dextrin does not induce turbidity independently; instead, it forms composite colloidal particles with polyphenols via hydrogen bonds or undergoes oxidative cross-linking/aggregation under free radical action to cause haze. This study uncovers a novel haze-causing factor in beer, elucidates its structural characteristics and haze-forming mechanism, and provides targeted technical references for optimizing beer production processes and improving product stability. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This study identifies a novel haze-causing factor (the limit dextrin with a molecular weight of 1-2kDa) and its mechanism, providing targeted guidance for optimizing beer production (e.g., polyphenol control) to improve product stability.

Two Trench field-stop (FS) 1200 V/15 A carrier-storage semi-super-junction insulated gate bipolar transistors (CS-SemiSJBTs) are experimentally presented for the first time, whose SJ-pillar both are fabricated in the Multi-Epi process with thickness of 45 μm, and its pitch of cathode gate is 6 μm. Two commercial Trench/micro-pattern-trench (MPT) FS N-drift IGBT (NDBTs) are selected as benchmarks. Wafer thickness of fabricated CS-SemiSJBTs is 101 μm, along with <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\textit{V} _{\text {on}}$</tex-math> </inline-formula>/<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\textit{C} _{\text {res}}$</tex-math> </inline-formula>/<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\textit{t} _{\mathrm{d},\text {on}}$</tex-math> </inline-formula>/<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\textit{t} _{\mathrm{r}}$</tex-math> </inline-formula>/<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\textit{t} _{{\mathrm{d}},\text {off}}$</tex-math> </inline-formula>/<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\textit{t}_{\mathrm{f}}$</tex-math> </inline-formula>/<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\textit{E} _{\text {on}}$</tex-math> </inline-formula>/<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\textit{E} _{\text {off}}$</tex-math> </inline-formula>, all are reduced from referenced NDBTs under the effect of SemiSJ-pillar. According to measurement results, one of the CS-SemiSJBT has the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${t} _{\text {sc}}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> of 4.7 μs similar to H6, and its FOM is 1.4 times as H6; another CS-SemiSJBT has <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${t} _{\text {sc}}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> of 15 μs similar to S7, and its FOM is 1.3 times as S7.

A novel trench insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) with shielding hole path (SHP) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. During turn-on, the SHP shields the gate–collector coupling and provides a hole path (HP) near the main current path. A hole barrier is introduced near the gate trench to shield hole accumulation and form a hole depletion region. A hole well is introduced near the split-gate (SG) trench to enhance hole extraction through the SHP. Consequently, the displacement current that charges the gate electrode is effectively suppressed through the reduction of both the effective <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${C}_{\text {GC}}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> for holes and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\textit {dV}_{\text {acc}}$</tex-math> </inline-formula>/<italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">dt</i>. The experimental results show that, compared to the floating P-Region IGBT (FP-IGBT), the SHP-IGBT achieves a 49.0% lower <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\textit {dI}_{\text {C}}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> /<italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">dt</i> at the same <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${R}_{\text {G}}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> and a 54.7% lower <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\textit {dV}_{\text {KA}}$</tex-math> </inline-formula>/<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\textit {dt}_{\max }$</tex-math> </inline-formula> at the same <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${E}_{\text {on}}$</tex-math> </inline-formula>, reducing electromagnetic interference (EMI) noise without degrading other electrical parameters. In addition, a refined displacement current model incorporating the effective <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${C}_{\text {GC}}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> for holes is proposed.

BackgroundHydroxyurea (HU) is an antitumor drug. However, HU exposure is associated with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR). Zi Chong granules, a Chinese Medicine, can protect against DOR, but little is known regarding its underlying mechanisms of DOR treatment, and thus the target of the present study.MethodsSeventy-two female Kunming (KM) mice (4–6 weeks old) were randomly divided into three groups: the control group (Con), the hydroxyurea group (HU), and the Zi Chong group (ZC). The Con group received saline, while the HU and ZC groups were administered hydroxyurea (400 mg/kg/d) by gavage for 21 days to induce diminished ovarian reserve (DOR). Subsequently, the Con and HU groups were given saline, while the ZC group was treated with Zi Chong granules (2.72 g/kg/d) for 15 days. Ovaries and uterus of mice were examined histologically by H&E. The levels of anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), estradiol (E2), and progesterone (P) were quantified using ELISA kits. The number and quality of oocytes were assessed, and endometrial receptivity was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. 16 S rDNA gene sequencing was used to analyze the composition and abundance of gut microbiome in feces, and non-targeted metabolomics was performed to detect serum metabolite profiles. Correlation analysis was performed to explore the relationships between different gut microbiota and differential metabolites.ResultsZC granules increased the number of primordial follicles in the ovaries, reduced excessive follicular atresia, restored low AMH, upregulated estrogen and progesterone secretion, and increased the number of mature oocytes after ovulation promotion. It also increased thickness of uterine endometrium and the number of glands, resulting in increased endometrial microvessel density (MVD), enhanced endometrial blood supply, reduced CD138 expression levels and endometrial inflammation. HU decreased the abundance of Lactobacillus spp. in mouse intestines and decreased arachidonic acid metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, spermidine and spermine biosynthesis, steroidogenesis, and nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism. Correlation analysis revealed that HU exerted its side effects by altering the gut microbiome and bacteria-derived metabolites, while ZC granules could reverse DOR partly depends on regulating gut microbiota and metabolites.ConclusionsZC granules may be a potential therapy for alleviating HU-induced DOR.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13048-025-01846-5.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logging is widely appliedforevaluating the formation porosity, fluid properties, and pore structure.However, inversion of NMR echo signals is an ill-posed problem thatis highly sensitive to random noise, often leading to T2 spectra that overestimate porosity and misrepresentreservoir characteristics. Analysis of sandstone reservoirs in theChang 8 Member of the Ordos Basin reveals that, despite low movablewater content, the differential spectrum tails show pronounced divergence,and porosity estimates are consistently higher than core measurementsdue to noise amplification. To address this problem, a locally adaptiveregularization inversion method is proposed, which is based on thedivergence characteristics of the differential spectrum tail. Themethod quantifies the degree of tail divergence and dynamically adjuststhe regularization parameter, thereby locally constraining the abnormalspectral segments. Tests on Well H*49 demonstrate that the approacheffectively suppresses nonphysical pseudopeaks and improves porosityaccuracy, reducing mean squared error (MSE) relative to core porosityby an average of 57%. Validation in the adjacent Well H*141 furtherconfirms its adaptability and generalization capability. These resultshighlight the method’s reliability and practical value forNMR logging interpretation under high-noise conditions in complexreservoirs.

Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) preparations in medical institutions(hereinafter referred to as &quot;hospital TCM preparations&quot;) are fixed-formula preparations developed by TCM medical institutions based on clinical needs. Hospital TCM preparations play a significant role in meeting special medication demands, inheriting TCM experience, and promoting new medicine development. With policy support, the development of hospital TCM preparations has surged in recent years, but there are issues such as product homogeneity, insufficient clinical evidence, low conversion rates, and unlabeled uses. This paper systematically analyzed the current development status and existing problems of hospital TCM preparations, combining policy background and practical cases. Then, recommendations were proposed, including refocusing on clinical needs, optimizing dispensing policies, improving conversion mechanisms, and establishing a dynamic exit mechanism, aiming to provide references for the healthy development of hospital TCM preparations.

This paper addresses the challenge of cross-interference in frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar for autonomous driving applications. An enhanced matrix completion-based interference mitigation method for FMCW radar is proposed. The method first detects and removes the interference segments in the dechirped beat signal and reconstructs the signal into a Hankel matrix. Then, an inertia-accelerated strategy is incorporated to achieve signal recovery via matrix completion. Extensive validation using both simulated and measured data demonstrates that the proposed method can accurately reconstruct the useful signal, effectively suppress the elevated noise floor in the range spectrum, and preserve weak target information, thereby significantly improving the reliability of automotive radar under interference conditions.

Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) plays a significant role in plant responses and adaptation to abiotic stresses. However, the XTH gene family in Camellia oleifera remains largely unknown. Herein, 31 CoXTH genes from the C. oleifera genome, which were clustered into four evolutionary groups, were identified. Notably, CoXTH1, CoXTH6, CoXTH14, CoXTH28, and CoXTH31 showed significant upregulation under drought stress, suggesting their importance in stress responses. Furthermore, heterologous expression of CoXTH1, CoXTH14, and CoXTH28 in yeast improved yeast survival under drought stress. Overexpressing CoXTH1 in Arabidopsis thaliana significantly enhanced drought tolerance, characterized by improved seedling growth, increased antioxidant enzyme activity, and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Notably, transgenic expression of CoXTH1 significantly elevated the contents of xyloglucan, leading to increased cellulose, and hemicellulose contents in the plants. The elevated hemicellulose and cellulose strengthen the cell wall structure, maintaining cellular integrity and stability, and improving plant drought tolerance. These findings lay a foundation for understanding the functional roles of CoXTH genes and highlight CoXTH1 as a potential candidate gene for improving drought tolerance in C. oleifera and other woody crops.

Beer fermentation is a critical process that directly influences product quality and flavor. However, traditional fermentation practices often rely on empirical methods, leading to prolonged production cycles and inconsistent product quality. This study presents a multiphysics-coupled simulation model that integrates computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with fermentation reaction kinetics to address challenges in temperature control and monitoring in large-scale fermenters. The model incorporates the Navier–Stokes equations for fluid flow, energy equations for heat transfer, fermentation kinetics for sugar metabolism, and a yeast cell proliferation model based on population balance theory. The model is validated through experiments at both lab scale (0.3 m3) and industrial scale (375 m3). Statistical analysis shows excellent agreement, with coefficients of determination (R2) for alcohol and sugar content reaching up to 0.99 and 0.96 at the lab scale, and 0.93 and 0.85 at the industrial scale, respectively. Key quantitative results from the industrial-scale validation demonstrate that the model accurately predicts the primary fermentation dynamics: within a 100 h period, alcohol concentration increased from 0% to approximately 6%, while sugar content decreased from 13 °P to 2 °P, closely matching experimental data. Crucially, the simulation captures a significant temperature overshoot at approximately 48 h, where the peak temperature at the top of the fermenter reached 16.01 °C (a 3 °C overshoot above process requirements). This pronounced vertical temperature gradient, arising from symmetry-breaking thermal conditions on the fermenter walls, was found to induce strong, asymmetric natural convection with flow velocities up to 13.2 mm·s−1, revealing spatial heterogeneities that are critical for optimizing fermenter design. At the lab scale, the simulation also accurately captures the observed quadratic temperature rise, further confirming the model’s robustness. This study provides a theoretical foundation for optimizing cooling jacket configurations and control strategies, ultimately improving fermentation efficiency and ensuring consistent product quality.