Chinese Academy of Engineering

Abstract Tungsten has demonstrated a competitive figure of merit in its application to plasma-facing components (PFCs) of fusion reactors. During service, the material is exposed to high temperatures and high-level displacement damage. A common interest is fostered in the nuclear materials community to address the issue of defect evolution at operating temperatures, and how they recover throughout service. During maintenance, the application of in situ thermal repair technologies is tempting, featuring attractive efficiency in defect removal via an optimal selection of post-irradiation annealing (PIA) parameters. In previous studies, we examined the role of PIA temperature, PIA duration, and initial defect concentration on defect evolution, and redefined the damage recovery stages for tungsten, but this was done from a room-temperature heavy-ion irradiation perspective; see Wang et al (2023 J. Nucl. Mater. 581 154454), Wang et al (2024 Acta Mater. 273 119942). In this study, the scope is expanded to displacement damage saturation induced by heavy-ions at high temperatures, relevant to the service conditions of tungsten-based PFCs. The damage microstructure evolution in response to varied irradiation temperatures ( T Irr ) and PIA temperatures ( T PIA ) was assessed via transmission electron microscopy and Doppler broadening positron annihilation spectroscopy. Irradiation hardening was evaluated via nano-indentation. A scientific framework is proposed to guide thermal healing of displacement damage in tungsten via PIA treatment. It was ineffective when T PIA ⩽ T Irr . An adverse effect of PIA-induced secondary hardening occurred when T PIA (stage III) > T Irr (stage III). The optimal PIA scheme was confirmed when T PIA (stage IV) > T Irr (stages III–IV), eluding PIA-induced secondary hardening and minimizing PIA-enhanced recrystallization.

The development of multimodal anti-counterfeiting materials integrating photoluminescence and photochromic functions holds great significance for dynamic anti-counterfeiting and information storage. Nevertheless, traditional single-component systems typically encounter issues such as limited luminescence efficiency and a lack of diversity in color regulation methods. In this research, multi - dimensional regulation of optical properties was accomplished by fabricating a type I heterojunction of the Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 (BST5)/high entropy spinel (Cd0.2Mg0.2Cu0.2Co0.2Ni0.2)Al2O4 ((CdM)A). Phase structure and spectroscopic characterizations demonstrated that the interfacial strain remarkably facilitated the enrichment of oxygen vacancies and actuated the reversible transformation between Ti4⁺/Ti3⁺ and Co3⁺/Co2⁺. This defect - color center synergistic effect not only remarkably enhances the fluorescence emission intensity but also imparts a reversible photochromic response to the sample. Further analysis indicates that the local lattice distortions and defects induced by the high entropy effect effectively enhance the efficiency of carrier migration and energy transfer. As a result, the composite system demonstrates stable cyclic luminescence - color change coupling properties under multi - wavelength excitations at 254, 302, and 365 nm. This research uncovers a unified mechanism characterized by type I band alignment and the synergy of oxygen vacancy (OV)/Ti³⁺/Co²⁺, thereby furnishing a solid theoretical foundation and compelling experimental evidence for the design of novel multi-modal dynamic anti-counterfeiting materials.

Rational integration of selective growth of CsCu 2 I 3 with rod-shaped and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) nanoparticles was implemented by anti-solvent-assisted crystallization method and calcination. Therefore, a novel nitrogen vacances (V N ) defects enriched g-C 3 N 4 /CsCu 2 I 3 (CN/CCI) nanoheterostructure was expected prepared. The study revealed that the synergistic effect between the type-II and S-scheme charge transfer (CT) mechanisms and the strong adsorption capacity afforded by abundant surface V N defects significantly enhances the catalytic reaction efficiency. This synergy endows the CN/CCI heterojunction with superior performance compared to individual semiconductors. The interfacial charge transfer mechanisms (type-II and S-scheme) and the ultrafast dynamic processes in CN/CCI nano-heterojunctions were proposed and evaluated using nanosecond time-resolved transient photoluminescence spectroscopy and in-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Following this scheme, the distinctive configuration of CN/CCI-6 heterojunctions demonstrated remarkable sensitivity reaching 5.66 in response towards 40 ppm of NO 2 operating at room temperature under ultraviolet-visible light activation, which is nearly 8.3 and 5.8 times greater than the sensitivity observed with pristine CsCu 2 I 3 and pure g-C 3 N 4 , respectively. Furthermore, the CN/CCI-6 nanoheterostructures also exhibited fastest response/recovery time (27.3 s/37.8 s) characteristics than that of pristine CsCu 2 I 3 (34.3 s/47.5 s) and pure g-C 3 N 4 (33.6 s/45.9 s). Additionally, we propose that the temperature - dependent photoluminescence of CN/CCI-6 could be exploited for the evaluation of the thermal-sensing with max sensitivity of 0.0093 K −1 at 550 K, indicating the CN/CCI nanoheterostructure is well suited for wide-range temperature sensing. The synergistic effect arising from the formation of V N defects and the efficient S-scheme CT manner within the CN/CCI nanoheterojunction holds significant implications and serves as an important reference for the development of high-performance gas & thermal-sensing.

We report the development of a high-power, cost-effective, and rapidly tunable laser system optimized for rubidium optical pumping in spin-exchange optical pumping (SEOP) applications. The system combines a spectrally narrowed diode laser bar with a low-cost yet high-stability thermal-management architecture based on consumer-grade CPU liquid-cooling components. Wavelength narrowing and fast tuning are achieved by linearly translating a chirped volume Bragg grating (CVBG), providing mode-hop-free, continuous wavelength control without relying on slow thermal tuning mechanisms. Long-term wavelength stability is ensured through a terminal proportional–integral–derivative (PID) feedback loop that locks the laser directly to the rubidium absorption spectrum in the pumping cell, rather than to an internal reference. Operating near 795 nm, the laser delivers up to 40 W of optical power with a measured linewidth of approximately 0.15 nm. The system supports rapid wavelength agility over a continuous tuning range of 794.73±0.24 nm and exhibits stable spectral performance during extended operation. Owing to its compact design, fast response, and substantially lower cost than conventional volume-grating-based systems, this laser architecture provides a practical and scalable solution for SEOP and other precision atomic and spectroscopic applications that require high power, a narrow linewidth, and robust wavelength stability.

Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), a type II transmembrane glycoprotein, is overexpressed on the membranes of prostate cancer cells. Lutetium-177 (177Lu)- labelled PSMA-targeted radioligand therapy (PRLT) is employed in treating metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) that no longer responds to conventional therapies. However, some patients develop resistance or exhibit limited responsiveness, resulting in disease progression. Terbium-161 (161Tb) shares physical properties with 177Lu, as both isotopes emit β- particles. Notably, 161Tb also emits internal conversion and Auger electrons, offering potential advantages in the effective targeting of small lesions. This dual-emission mechanism enables the treatment of lesions of varying sizes, generating growing interest in 161Tb-labelled radioligand therapy for prostate cancer. This review summarizes current evidence on 161Tb-PSMA, including its mechanism of action, radiolabeling and quality-control procedures, dosimetry, preclinical results, and clinical outcomes, highlighting its therapeutic promise. Future investigations should further validate the safety and efficacy of 161Tb-PSMA radioligand therapy, while enhancing its accessibility and clinical translation.

ABSTRACT 2D Cd‐based metal halides combine exceptional air stability with reduced toxicity, rendering them promising alternatives to Pb‐based perovskites for optoelectronic applications. Nevertheless, achieving highly efficient and tunable multicolor photoluminescence (PL) in these materials remains a formidable challenge. Herein, BDACdBr 4 (BDA = 1,4‐butanediamine) exhibits intense, near‐full‐visible PL through the synergistic application of high‐pressure tuning and ionic substitution. Upon compression, pronounced octahedral distortions, intralayer deformation, and interlayer contraction are induced, collectively restricting excited‐state relaxation, strengthening electron‐phonon coupling, and lowering reorganization energy. These effects substantially promote radiative recombination of self‐trapped excitons (STEs) while suppressing nonradiative decay, leading to intense PL emission under pressure. Simultaneously, the widened bandgap, reduced Stokes shift, and reduced degeneracy of STE states contribute to an obvious blueshift in emission, ranging from natural white to blue. Furthermore, partial ionic substitution with Pb 2+ and Sb 3+ enables pressure‐tunable emission spanning from deep‐blue to orange‐red. This dual approach, combining pressure and doping engineering, provides a versatile strategy for designing efficient, multicolor emissive metal halides, highlighting their potential for next‐generation pressure sensors and solid‐state lighting technologies.

Universal sentence encoders aim to underpin a wide spectrum of downstream tasks—semantic similarity, document retrieval, and question answering—within a shared embedding space. Yet converging heterogeneous supervision in a single model often triggers semantic interference: conflicting objectives tug representations in incompatible directions and erode cross-task generalisation. We introduce a prompt-partitioned multi-task framework that cleanly isolates task semantics via lightweight, discrete prompts (e.g., [SIM], [REL], [QA]) prepended to each input. These prompts steer the encoder toward task-specific sub-spaces without altering its architecture. To further counter data imbalance and label noise, we devise a large-language-model (LLM) pipeline that synthesises and rigorously filters training pairs in a prompt-aware fashion. Leveraging a RoBERTa-base encoder trained on 6.8 billion multilingual sentence pairs, we evaluate on 26 public benchmarks spanning classification, similarity, ranking, and retrieval. Our single-tower approach consistently outperforms strong baselines—including SimCSE, E5, and INSTRUCTOR—while retaining fast cosine inference. Extensive ablations confirm that both prompt partitioning and LLM-enhanced supervision are pivotal to the observed gains in multi-task sentence representation learning.